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Status of long pulse experiments in magnetic fusion devices

B Saoutic2002年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Achieving long-duration, high-performance discharges in magnetic fusion devices is one of the most important challenges en route to a fusion reactor. At this stage, we need to bring together many physical concepts and technological achievements that hitherto have been considered as separate issues. In the course of a long duration pulse, one encounters a sequence of progressively increasing characteristic timescales, ranging from milliseconds for MHD events, seconds for energy and particle transport times, tens of seconds for current diffusion times and up to hundreds of seconds for wall processes, such as saturation and erosion, to reach equilibrium. Although many present-day experiments have pulse lengths long enough to allow studies of the MHD and transport issues in conditions that are effectively quasi steady state, most have pulse lengths that are marginal for studying current diffusion phenomena and, generally, all are too short to study wall saturation and erosion. Very few present-day experiments bring together the necessary hardware (magnets, power supplies, heating and current drive systems, cooling loops, etc) to properly address issues on timescales greater than 10 s.This paper reviews the status of present-day long pulse experiments in tokamaks and stellarators in terms of the technology and physics. We start by defining the requirements of long pulse experiments and discussing the technology that is needed. Then, we consider the relevant physics including the important interactions between physics and technology. Finally, we consider the issues that must be addressed to go beyond long pulses in order to reach full steady-state operation.

日本語訳

磁気核融合装置における長時間・高性能放電の実現は、核融合炉への道のりにおける最も重要な課題の一つである。この段階において、これまで別々の課題として考えられてきた多くの物理的概念と技術的成果を統合する必要がある。長時間パルス放電の過程では、ミリ秒単位のMHD事象から、秒単位のエネルギー・粒子輸送時間、数十秒単位の電流拡散時間、そして数百秒単位の壁の飽和や侵食といった壁過程に至るまで、段階的に増大する一連の特性時間スケールに遭遇する。今日の多くの実験装置は、実質的に準定常状態にある条件下でのMHDや輸送の研究を可能にするのに十分なパルス長を有しているものの、そのほとんどは電流拡散現象の研究には不十分なパルス長しか持たず、一般的に壁の飽和や侵食の研究には短すぎる。今日のごく少数の実験装置のみが、10秒を超える時間スケールの課題に適切に対処するために必要なハードウェア(磁石、電源、加熱・電流駆動システム、冷却ループなど)を備えている。本論文は、トカマクおよびステラレータにおける現在の長時間パルス実験の状況を、技術と物理の両面から概説する。まず、長時間パルス実験の要件を定義し、必要な技術について議論する。次に、関連する物理、特に物理と技術の間の重要な相互作用について考察する。最後に、完全な定常運転を達成するために長時間パルスを超えて進む際に解決すべき課題について論じる。

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