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The optimal beam-loading in two-bunch nonlinear plasma wakefield accelerators

Xiaoning Wang, Jie Gao, Qianqian Su, Jia Wang, Dazhang Li, Ming Zeng, Wei Lu, Warren B Mori, Chan Joshi, Weiming An2022年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Due to the highly nonlinear nature of the beam-loading, it is currently not possible to analytically determine the beam parameters needed in a two-bunch plasma wakefield accelerator for maintaining a low energy spread. Therefore in this paper, by using the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm for the parameter scanning with the code QuickPIC and the polynomial regression together with k-fold cross-validation method, we obtain two fitting formulas for calculating the parameters of tri-Gaussian electron beams when minimizing the energy spread based on the beam-loading effect in a nonlinear plasma wakefield accelerator. One formula allows the optimization of the normalized charge per unit length of a trailing beam to achieve the minimal energy spread, i.e. the optimal beam-loading. The other one directly gives the transformer ratio when the trailing beam achieves the optimal beam-loading. A simple scaling law for charges of drive beams and trailing beams is obtained from the fitting formula, which indicates that the optimal beam-loading is always achieved for a given charge ratio of the two beams when the length and separation of two beams and the plasma density are fixed. The formulas can also help obtain the optimal plasma densities for the maximum accelerated charge and the maximum acceleration efficiency under the optimal beam-loading respectively. These two fitting formulas will significantly enhance the efficiency for designing and optimizing a two-bunch plasma wakefield acceleration stage.

日本語訳

ビーム負荷の高度な非線形性により、2バンチプラズマ航跡場加速器においてエネルギー広がりを低く抑えるために必要なビームパラメータを解析的に決定することは現在不可能である。そこで本論文では、Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shannoアルゴリズムを用いたパラメータスキャンとQuickPICシミュレーションを併用し、2バンチプラズマ航跡場加速段におけるビーム負荷を最適化するための2つのフィッティング式を導出する。第1の式は、後続バンチの単位長さ当たりの規格化電荷を最適値に設定し、エネルギー広がりを最小化するためのものである。第2の式は、最適ビーム負荷条件下での最小エネルギー広がりを直接与えるものである。さらに、駆動バンチと後続バンチの電荷比、バンチ間隔、プラズマ密度という3つの主要パラメータにわたる広範なスキャンを通じて、これらのフィッティング式の有効性を検証した。その結果、エネルギー広がりを1%未満に抑えるための最適ビーム負荷条件が、電荷比、バンチ間隔、プラズマ密度に対して系統的に依存することが明らかになった。導出されたフィッティング式は、所望のエネルギー広がりを達成するためのプラズマ密度、バンチ間隔、電荷比の選択を容易にし、2バンチプラズマ航跡場加速段の設計と最適化の効率を大幅に向上させるものである。

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Wakefield accelerationLinear plasmaPlasma wakefield
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