Self-organization in magnetic flux ropes

This cross-disciplinary special issue on 'Self-organization in magnetic flux ropes' follows in the footsteps of another collection of manuscripts dedicated to the subject of magnetic flux ropes, a volume on 'Physics of magnetic flux ropes' published in the American Geophysical Union's Geophysical Monograph Series in 1990 [1]. Twenty-four years later, this special issue, composed of invited original contributions highlighting ongoing research on the physics of magnetic flux ropes in astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas, can be considered an update on our state of understanding of this fundamental constituent of any magnetized plasma. Furthermore, by inviting contributions from research groups focused on the study of the origins and properties of magnetic flux ropes in a variety of different environments, we have attempted to underline both the diversity of and the commonalities among magnetic flux ropes throughout the solar system and, indeed, the universe.So, what is a magnetic flux rope? The answer will undoubtedly depend on whom you ask. A flux rope can be as narrow as a few Larmor radii and as wide as the Sun (see, e.g., the contributions by Heli Hietala et al and by Angelous Vourlidas). As described below by Ward Manchester IV et al , they can stretch from the Sun to the Earth in the form of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Or, as in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment described by David Schaffner et al , they can fit into a meter-long laboratory device tended by college students. They can be helical and line-tied (see, e.g., Walter Gekelman et al or J Sears et al ), or toroidal and periodic (see, e.g., John O'Bryan et al or Philippa Browning et al ). They can form in the low plasma beta environment of the solar corona (Tibor Török et al ), the order unity beta plasmas of the solar wind (Stefan Eriksson et al ) and the plasma pressure dominated stellar convection zones (Nicholas Nelson and Mark Miesch). In this special issue, Setthivoine You describes how canonical helicity can determine the result of reconnection and merging of multiple magnetic flux ropes, John Finn et al focus on diagnosing flux rope reconnection using quasi-separatrix layers, and Stefano Markidis et al investigate how a single flux rope can become unstable and begin to fall apart. With these many examples of different magnetized plasma structures, which can all be called magnetic flux ropes, the question still stands: just what is it that makes a volume of magnetized plasma a magnetic flux rope?There may not be a strict definition of a magnetic flux rope that everyone can agree on. Nonetheless, the ingredient common to all magnetic flux ropes is that the magnetic field lines that thread nearby plasma elements at one location along the flux rope must wind around and not diverge away from each other over a sufficiently long distance to look like a piece of an ordinary rope. In a way, it is similar to turbulence—you know it when you see it. The figures and illustrations included in this special issue provide plenty of examples of observed, measured, modeled and imagined magnetic flux ropes for you, the reader, to develop an appreciation of what different members of our research community mean by a magnetic flux rope. If you have never studied magnetic flux ropes, we hope that this special issue inspires you to look into their many mysteries. If magnetic flux ropes are already an integral part of your research, we hope the diversity of perspectives presented herein refresh your interest in the underlying plasma physics of whichever kind of magnetic flux rope you happen to be working with.References[1] Russell C T, Priest E R and Lee L-C 1990 Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes AGU Geophysical Monograph Series vol 58 (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union)