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Chapter 4: Power and particle control

A. Loarte, B. Lipschultz, A.S. Kukushkin, G.F. Matthews, P.C. Stangeby, N. Asakura, G.F. Counsell, G. Federici, A. Kallenbach, K. Krieger2007年被引用 894Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Progress, since the ITER Physics Basis publication (ITER Physics Basis Editors et al1999 Nucl. Fusion39 2137–2664), in understanding the processes that will determine the properties of the plasma edge and its interaction with material elements in ITER is described. Experimental areas where significant progress has taken place are energy transport in the scrape-off layer (SOL) in particular of the anomalous transport scaling, particle transport in the SOL that plays a major role in the interaction of diverted plasmas with the main-chamber material elements, edge localized mode (ELM) energy deposition on material elements and the transport mechanism for the ELM energy from the main plasma to the plasma facing components, the physics of plasma detachment and neutral dynamics including the edge density profile structure and the control of plasma particle content and He removal, the erosion of low- and high-Z materials in fusion devices, their transport to the core plasma and their migration at the plasma edge including the formation of mixed materials, the processes determining the size and location of the retention of tritium in fusion devices and methods to remove it and the processes determining the efficiency of the various fuelling methods as well as their development towards the ITER requirements. This experimental progress has been accompanied by the development of modelling tools for the physical processes at the edge plasma and plasma–materials interaction and the further validation of these models by comparing their predictions with the new experimental results. Progress in the modelling development and validation has been mostly concentrated in the following areas: refinement in the predictions for ITER with plasma edge modelling codes by inclusion of detailed geometrical features of the divertor and the introduction of physical effects, which can play a major role in determining the divertor parameters at the divertor for ITER conditions such as hydrogen radiation transport and neutral–neutral collisions, modelling of the ion orbits at the plasma edge, which can play a role in determining power deposition at the divertor target, models for plasma–materials and plasma dynamics interaction during ELMs and disruptions, models for the transport of impurities at the plasma edge to describe the core contamination by impurities and the migration of eroded materials at the edge plasma and its associated tritium retention and models for the turbulent processes that determine the anomalous transport of energy and particles across the SOL. The implications for the expected performance of the reference regimes in ITER, the operation of the ITER device and the lifetime of the plasma facing materials are discussed.

日本語訳

ITER Physics Basis出版(ITER Physics Basis Editors et al1999 Nucl. Fusion39 2137–2664)以降の、ITERにおけるプラズマ周辺部の特性と材料要素との相互作用を決定するプロセスについての理解の進展について述べる。顕著な進展があった実験分野は、スクレイプオフ層(SOL)におけるエネルギー輸送、特に異常輸送スケーリング、ダイバータプラズマと主真空容器材料要素との相互作用に主要な役割を果たすSOLにおける粒子輸送、材料要素への周辺部局在モード(ELM)エネルギー堆積とプラズマ対向機器へのELMエネルギー輸送機構、周辺密度分布構造とプラズマ粒子含有量の制御およびHe排気を含むプラズマ脱離と中性粒子ダイナミクスの物理、核融合装置における低Z・高Z材料の損耗、コアプラズマへの輸送、混合材料の形成を含む周辺プラズマでの移行、核融合装置におけるトリチウム保持の大きさと位置を決定するプロセスとその除去方法、ならびに様々な燃料供給方法の効率を決定するプロセスとITER要件に向けたそれらの開発である。この実験的進展に伴い、周辺プラズマおよびプラズマ材料相互作用における物理プロセスのモデリングツールの開発と、新たな実験結果との予測比較によるこれらのモデルのさらなる検証が進められた。モデリング開発と検証の進展は、主に以下の分野に集中している。すなわち、水素放射輸送や中性子同士の衝突などITER条件におけるダイバータパラメータの決定に主要な役割を果たしうる物理効果やダイバータの詳細な幾何学的特徴の導入による周辺プラズマモデリングコードを用いたITER予測の精緻化、ダイバータ標的での電力堆積の決定に役立つ周辺プラズマにおけるイオン軌道のモデリング、ELMおよびディスラプション時のプラズマ材料・プラズマ動的相互作用のモデル、不純物のコア混入と周辺プラズマでの損耗材料の移行および関連するトリチウム保持を記述するための周辺プラズマにおける不純物輸送モデル、ならびにSOLを横切るエネルギーと粒子の異常輸送を決定する乱流プロセスのモデルである。ITERにおける参照シナリオの期待性能、ITER装置の運転、およびプラズマ対向材料の寿命への影響について議論する。

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