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Perturbative transport studies in fusion plasmas

N J Lopes Cardozo1995年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Studies of transport in fusion plasmas using perturbations of an equilibrium state are reviewed. Essential differences between steady-state and perturbative transport studies are pointed out. Important transport issues that can be addressed with perturbative experiments are identified as: (i) Are the transport relations linear (or nearly so)? (ii) What are the dominant dependences on plasma parameters; can they be understood from theory? (iii) Are there significant off-diagonal terms in the transport matrix? If so, how important are these for global confinement? (iv) Do the data obtained with perturbative experiments indicate that tokamak performance can be optimized along lines different from those presently explored? The theoretical framework for perturbative transport experiments is given. It is shown that perturbative experiments yield transport coefficients that are essentially different from the steady-state transport coefficients. In particular, when transport can be described by a transport matrix with off-diagonal elements, a perturbative experiment yields (one or more of) the eigenvalues of the matrix. In contrast, the coefficients obtained by steady-state analysis are linear combinations of the matrix coefficients, with the actual values of the various gradients as multipliers. Hence, the outcome of a steady-state transport evaluation depends on the actual values of the gradients, whereas a perturbative experiment measures the underlying transport matrix. Experimental perturbation techniques and techniques for data analysis are reviewed. Perturbations include the sawtooth instability, oscillatory gas feed, modulated power input, pellet injection etc. Data analysis techniques range from the time-to-peak analysis employed in sawtooth pulse propagation through Fourier or Laplace transforms, to direct numerical modelling. A review of the most important sources of systematic error is given.

日本語訳

平衡状態の摂動を用いた核融合プラズマ中の輸送に関する研究を概説する。定常状態の輸送研究と摂動輸送研究の本質的な違いを指摘する。摂動実験によって取り組むことができる重要な輸送問題として、以下のものが特定される:(i) 輸送関係式は線形(またはほぼ線形)か?(ii) プラズマパラメータへの主要な依存性は何か、それらは理論から理解できるか?(iii) 輸送行列に有意な非対角項は存在するか?もし存在するなら、それらは全体の閉じ込めにとってどの程度重要か?(iv) 摂動実験から得られたデータは、現在探求されているものとは異なる方向でのトカマク性能の最適化が可能であることを示しているか?摂動輸送実験の理論的枠組みを示す。摂動実験から得られる輸送係数は、定常状態の輸送係数とは本質的に異なることが示される。特に、輸送が非対角項を持つ輸送行列で記述できる場合、摂動実験からはその行列の(一つまたは複数の)固有値が得られる。対照的に、定常状態の解析から得られる係数は行列係数の線形結合であり、各種勾配の実際の値が乗数となる。したがって、定常状態の輸送評価の結果は勾配の実際の値に依存するのに対し、摂動実験は基礎となる輸送行列を測定する。実験的摂動手法とデータ解析手法を概説する。摂動には、鋸歯状振動不安定性、振動ガス入射、変調電力投入、ペレット入射などが含まれる。データ解析手法は、鋸歯状パルス伝播におけるピーク到達時間解析から、フーリエ変換やラプラス変換を経て、直接数値モデリングに至るまで多岐にわたる。最も重要な系統的誤差の要因についての概説も行う。

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