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On the unconstrained expansion of a spherical plasma cloud turning collisionless: case of a cloud generated by a nanometre dust grain impact on an uncharged target in space

F Pantellini, S Landi, A Zaslavsky, N Meyer-Vernet2012年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Nano and micrometre sized dust particles travelling through the heliosphere at several hundreds of km s−1 have been repeatedly detected by interplanetary spacecraft. When such fast moving dust particles hit a solid target in space, an expanding plasma cloud is formed through the vaporization and ionization of the dust particles itself and part of the target material at and near the impact point. Immediately after the impact the small and dense cloud is dominated by collisions and the expansion can be described by fluid equations. However, once the cloud has reached μm dimensions, the plasma may turn collisionless and a kinetic description is required to describe the subsequent expansion. In this paper we explore the late and possibly collisionless spherically symmetric unconstrained expansion of a single ionized ion–electron plasma using N-body simulations. Given the strong uncertainties concerning the early hydrodynamic expansion, we assume that at the time of the transition to the collisionless regime the cloud density and temperature are spatially uniform. We also neglect the role of the ambient plasma. This is a reasonable assumption as long as the cloud density is substantially higher than the ambient plasma density. In the case of clouds generated by fast interplanetary dust grains hitting a solid target, some 107 electrons and ions are liberated and the in vacuum approximation is acceptable up to meter order cloud dimensions. As such a cloud can be estimated to become collisionless when its radius has reached μm order dimensions, both the collisionless approximation and the in vacuum approximation are expected to hold during a long lasting phase as the cloud grows by a factor 106. With these assumptions, we find that the transition from the collisional to the collisionless regime could occur when the electron Debye length λD within the cloud is much smaller than the cloud radius R0, i.e. Λ ≡ λD/R0 ≪ 1. This implies a quasi-neutral expansion regime where the radial electron and ion density profiles are equal through most of the cloud except at the cloud–vacuum interface. The consequence of Λ being much smaller than unity implies that the electrostatic fields within a cloud generated by a dust impact on a neutral target is ∼100 times weaker than in the case of grains hitting a spacecraft, where the positive potential of the target is strong enough to strip-off all the electrons from the expanding cloud leading to a 'Coulomb explosion' like regime (e.g. Peano et al 2007 Phys. Plasmas \bf 14 056704).

日本語訳

ナノおよびマイクロメートルサイズの塵粒子が、秒速数百kmで太陽圏を通過する際に、惑星間宇宙船によって繰り返し検出されている。そのような高速の塵粒子が固体ターゲットに衝突すると、塵粒子自体および衝突点およびその近傍のターゲット材料の一部の蒸発と電離を通じて、膨張するプラズマ雲が形成される。衝突直後、小さく高密度な雲は衝突が支配的であり、膨張は流体方程式で記述できる。しかし、雲がμmサイズに達すると、プラズマは無衝突になる可能性があり、その後の膨張を記述するには運動論的記述が必要となる。本論文では、N体シミュレーションを用いて、単一電離のイオン-電子プラズマの後期の、おそらく無衝突の、球対称の非拘束膨張を探求する。初期の流体力学膨張に関する大きな不確実性を考慮して、無衝突領域への遷移の時点で雲の密度と温度は空間的に一様であると仮定する。また、周囲のプラズマの役割は無視する。これは、雲の密度が周囲のプラズマ密度よりもかなり高い限り合理的な仮定である。高速の惑星間塵粒子が固体ターゲットに衝突して生成される雲の場合、約10^7個の電子とイオンが解放され、真空中近似はメートルオーダーの雲の寸法まで許容できる。そのような雲は、その半径がμmオーダーの寸法に達したときに無衝突になると推定できるので、雲が10^6倍に成長する長い期間にわたって、無衝突近似と真空中近似の両方が成り立つと期待される。これらの仮定の下で、雲内の電子デバイ長λDが雲半径R0よりもはるかに小さいとき、すなわちΛ ≡ λD/R0 ≪ 1のとき、衝突から無衝突領域への遷移が起こり得ることを見出す。これは準中性膨張領域を示唆し、そこでは雲の大部分で動径方向の電子とイオンの密度分布が等しいが、雲-真空界面を除く。Λが1よりはるかに小さいことの結果として、中性ターゲットへの塵衝突によって生成された雲内の静電場は、塵が宇宙船に衝突する場合(そこではターゲットの正電位が膨張する雲からすべての電子を剥ぎ取るのに十分強く、「クーロン爆発」のような領域につながる)よりも約100倍弱い(例えば、Peanoら 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 056704)。

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