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Gamma-ray bursts and collisionless shocks

E Waxman2006年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Particle acceleration in collisionless shocks is believed to be responsible for the production of cosmic-rays over a wide range of energies, from a few GeV to > 1020 eV, as well as for the non-thermal emission of radiation from a wide variety of high energy astrophysical sources. A theory of collisionless shocks based on first principles does not, however, exist. Observations of γ-ray burst (GRB) 'afterglows' provide a unique opportunity for diagnosing the physics of relativistic collisionless shocks. Most GRBs are believed to be associated with explosions of massive stars. Their 'afterglows', delayed low energy emission following the prompt burst of γ-rays, are well accounted for by a model in which afterglow radiation is due to synchrotron emission of electrons accelerated in relativistic collisionless shock waves driven by the explosion into the surrounding plasma. Within the framework of this model, some striking characteristics of collisionless relativistic shocks are implied. These include the generation of downstream magnetic fields with energy density exceeding that of the upstream field by ∼8 orders of magnitude, the survival of this strong field at distances ∼1010 skin-depths downstream of the shock and the acceleration of particles to a power-law energy spectrum, d log n/d logε ≈ −2, possibly extending to 1020 eV. I review in this talk the phenomenological considerations, based on which these characteristics are inferred, and the challenges posed to our current models of particle acceleration and magnetic field generation in collisionless shocks. Some recent theoretical results derived based on the assumption of a self-similar shock structure are briefly discussed.

日本語訳

無衝突衝撃波における粒子加速は、数GeVから1020 eVを超える広いエネルギー範囲にわたる宇宙線の生成、および多種多様な高エネルギー天体物理源からの非熱放射の原因であると考えられている。しかしながら、第一原理に基づく無衝突衝撃波の理論は存在しない。ガンマ線バースト(GRB)の「残光」の観測は、相対論的無衝突衝撃波の物理を診断する独自の機会を提供する。ほとんどのGRBは、大質量星の爆発に関連していると考えられている。その「残光」、すなわちガンマ線の初期バーストに続く遅延した低エネルギー放射は、爆発によって周囲のプラズマ中に駆動される相対論的無衝突衝撃波で加速された電子のシンクロトロン放射によるものとするモデルによってよく説明される。このモデルの枠組みの中で、相対論的無衝突衝撃波のいくつかの顕著な特徴が示唆される。これらには、上流磁場のエネルギー密度を約8桁上回る下流磁場の生成、衝撃波下流の約1010皮膚深さの距離でのこの強い磁場の生存、および粒子のべき乗則エネルギー分布d log n/d logε ≈ −2(おそらく1020 eVまで及ぶ)への加速が含まれる。本講演では、これらの特徴が推測される根拠となる現象論的考察と、無衝突衝撃波における粒子加速および磁場生成の現在のモデルに対する課題を概説する。自己相似衝撃波構造の仮定に基づいて導出された最近の理論的結果についても簡潔に議論する。

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