High energy density plasmas generated by radial foil explosions

High energy density (HED) plasmas, produced by diverse techniques, such as lasers or pulsed power generators, can help scientists to better understand extreme states of matter as well as astrophysical phenomena. While fast Z-pinches are the most common approach to generating HED plasmas in the pulsed power community, radial foil configurations can yield plasma pressures on the order of 0.5 Mbar on a 1 MA, 100 ns current rise time generator, similar to wire array configurations producing Z-pinches. In this experimental setup, a thin metallic foil stretched onto a circular anode connects to a very small 'pin' cathode at the center. Radial currents flow in the foil then down the pin cathode, thereby generating an axi-symmetric toroidal magnetic field under the foil. Initial experimental results (Gourdain et al 2010 Phys. Plasmas17 012706) showed that the foil current interacts with this field and the resulting J × B force lifts the foil upward. Very rapidly the foil plasma turns into a bubble-shaped cavity above the central pin, and that bubble expands at 300 km s−1, until instabilities destroy the axial symmetry, bursting the bubble open. This paper complements these initial results by using time-integrated x-ray pin-hole cameras and a focusing spectrometer with spatial resolution. In addition to laser interferometry, these new data help to provide a better estimate of the plasma electron density inside the bubble, above 1020 cm−3, and of the electron temperature, between 300 and 400 eV inside the central plasma column. We also discovered the presence of 'bright' spots in the plasma, with densities larger than 5 × 1021 electrons cm−3 and temperatures above 1 keV. Finally laser interferometry gives a precise mapping of the initial plasma jet and bubble areal densities.