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Observation of uranium photo-fission by 16N decay gamma rays from water activated by D-T fusion neutrons

Donald L Smith, Fujio Maekawa, Yujiro Ikeda1999年Fusion Engineering and DesignIF 1.7出版社

AbstractRadioactive 16N is generated in pure water (H2O) which has been exposed to D-T fusion neutrons with energies near 14 MeV. The principal neutron-activation reaction is 16O(n,p) 16N. Decay by β emission (100%) of the 7.13±0.02 s 16N activity is accompanied by production of energetic gamma rays (most of them with energies>6 MeV) that are associated with the prompt radiative de-excitation of various elevated energy levels of 16O populated through the process 16N(β-) 16O. The dominant gamma-ray emission branch energies (intensities) are 6.129 MeV (67.0±0.6%) and 7.115 MeV (4.9±0.4%). A particular given intensity refers to the percent of 16N decays that produce the indicated gamma ray. Both photons possess energies that are above the photo-fission threshold for the naturally occurring isotopes of uranium, namely, 234U, 235U, and 238U. This paper reports on an experiment that demonstrated 16N decay gamma-ray induced photo-fission in a commercial fission detector that contained 0.14 g of depleted uranium (predominantly 238U with a small trace of 235U). This detector was placed near a tubing system containing circulating water that had been activated by neutron bombardment as it passed near to the target of an intense D-T fusion neutron generator. The fission detector was situated in a shielded location remote from the source of primary D-T neutrons. Other possible mechanisms leading to the generation of the observed detector events were considered. Among these were natural background radiation (e.g., cosmic rays), delayed neutrons from the decay of 17N and 18N also produced in water by D-T neutrons, secondary neutrons from (γ,n) reactions in materials near the detector, and electronic noise or pulse pileup. All of these alternative possibilities were ultimately rejected as significant contributors to the experimental detector counts by a detailed examination of the pertinent nuclear data and by specific measurements carried out in the present study. Photo-fission of 238U remained as the predominant source of the recorded fission-detector events after elimination of these other possibilities as significant contributors of observed counts. The anticipated photo-fission yield was calculated based on consideration of the experimental setup, tabulated cross sections, and other pertinent nuclear data. This analysis yielded results which were found to be consistent with the present experimental observations to within the combined — rather large — uncertainties. This outcome further supports the conclusion that photo-fission events were indeed observed in this experiment. Some engineering implications of this investigation, and potential applications for the observed phenomenon in contemporary nuclear fusion technology, are also discussed.

日本語訳

放射性16Nは、D-T融合中性子のエネルギーが約14 MeVである中性子に曝露された純水(H2O)中で生成される。主要な中性子活性化反応は16O(n,p)16Nである。半減期7.13±0.02秒の16Nは、β崩壊(100%)により16Oの励起準位を生成し、その脱励起に伴い高エネルギーガンマ線(大部分が6 MeV以上)を放出する。主要なガンマ線放出分岐比は、6.129 MeV(67.0±0.6%)および7.115 MeV(4.9±0.4%)である。ここで、分岐比の値は16Nの崩壊あたりの各ガンマ線の放出確率を示す。これらのガンマ線エネルギーは、天然ウラン同位体(234U、235U、238U)の光核分裂閾値エネルギーを超えている。本論文では、商業用核分裂検出器(濃縮ウラン238Uを主成分とし、微量の235Uを含む減損ウラン0.14 gを内蔵)を用いて、16N崩壊ガンマ線による光核分裂の誘起を実証した実験について報告する。当該検出器は、強力なD-T融合中性子発生装置のターゲット近傍を通過する循環水(中性子照射により16Nを生成)が流れる配管システムの近傍に設置された。検出器は、一次D-T中性子源から離れた遮蔽された場所に配置された。観測された検出器事象の生成メカニズムとして、天然バックグラウンド放射線(宇宙線等)、D-T中性子による水の16O(n,p)16N反応に加え、17O(n,p)17Nおよび18O(n,p)18N反応により生成される遅発中性子、検出器近傍の物質における(γ,n)反応による二次中性子、ならびに電子ノイズやパイルアップ事象などが考えられた。しかし、関連する核データの詳細な検討と、本研究で実施した特定の測定により、これらの代替メカニズムは観測された検出器事象の主要な寄与源ではないと結論づけられた。その結果、記録された核分裂検出器事象の主たる原因は、16N崩壊ガンマ線による238Uの光核分裂であると特定された。実験配置、既知の断面積データ、および関連する核データに基づいて予想される光核分裂収量を計算したところ、実験で観測された計数率と、かなり大きな不確かさの範囲内で一致した。この一致は、光核分裂事象が実際に観測されたという結論をさらに裏付けるものである。本調査の工学的含意と、現代の核融合技術における観測された現象の潜在的な応用についても議論する。

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