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Experimental results on the irradiation of nuclear fusion relevant materials at the dense plasma focus 'Bora' device

A. Cicuttin, M.L. Crespo, V.A. Gribkov, J. Niemela, C. Tuniz, C. Zanolli, M. Chernyshova, E.V. Demina, S.V. Latyshev, V.N. Pimenov2015年被引用 12Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Samples of materials counted as perspective ones for use in the first-wall and construction elements in nuclear fusion reactors (FRs) with magnetic and inertial plasma confinement (W, Ti, Al, low-activated ferritic steel 'Eurofer' and some alloys) were irradiated in the dense plasma focus (DPF) device 'Bora' having a bank energy of ⩽5 kJ. The device generates hot dense (T ∼ 1 keV, n ∼ 1019 cm−3) deuterium plasma, powerful plasma streams (v ∼ 3 × 107 cm s−1) and fast (E ∼ 0.1 ... 1.0 MeV) deuterons of power flux densities q up to 1010 and 1012 W cm−2 correspondingly. 'Damage factor' F = q × τ0.5 ensures an opportunity to simulate radiation loads (predictable for both reactors types) by the plasma/ion streams, which have the same nature and namely those parameters as expected in the FR modules. Before and after irradiation we provided investigations of our samples by means of a number of analytical techniques. Among them we used optical and scanning electron microscopy to understand character and parameters of damageability of the surface layers of the samples. Atomic force microscopy was applied to measure roughness of the surface after irradiation. These characteristics are quite important for understanding mechanisms and values of dust production in FR that may relate to tritium retention and emergency situations in FR facilities. We also applied two new techniques. For the surface we elaborated the portable x-ray diffractometer that combines x-ray single photon detection with high spectroscopic and angular resolutions. For bulk damageability investigations we applied an x-ray microCT system where x-rays were produced by a Hamamatsu microfocus source (150 kV, 500 µA, 5 µm minimum focal spot size). The detector was a Hamamatsu CMOS flat panel coupled to a fibre optic plate under the GOS scintillator. The reconstruction of three-dimensional data was run with Cobra 7.4 and DIGIX CT software while VG Studio Max 2.1, and Amira 5.3 were used for segmentation and rendering. We have also provided numerical simulation of the fast ion beam action. The paper contains results on the investigations of modifications of the elemental contents, structure and properties of the materials.

日本語訳

核融合炉(FR)の第一壁および構造要素への使用が有望視されている材料(W、Ti、Al、低放射化フェライト鋼「ユーロファー」、および一部の合金)のサンプルを、バンクエネルギー⩽5 kJの高密度プラズマフォーカス(DPF)装置「ボーラ」において照射した。本装置は、高温高密度(T ∼ 1 keV、n ∼ 10^19 cm−3)の重水素プラズマ、強力なプラズマ流(v ∼ 3 × 10^7 cm s−1)、およびそれぞれ10^10および10^12 W cm−2までのパワー束密度qを持つ高速(E ∼ 0.1 ... 1.0 MeV)重陽子を生成する。「損傷係数」F = q × τ^0.5 は、FRモジュールで予想されるものと同種かつ同一のパラメータを有するプラズマ/イオン流による放射線負荷(両タイプの炉について予測可能)をシミュレートする機会を保証する。照射の前後で、我々は多数の分析手法を用いて試料の調査を行った。その中で、試料の表層部の損傷性の特性とパラメータを理解するために、光学顕微鏡および走査型電子顕微鏡を用いた。原子間力顕微鏡を用いて、照射後の表面粗さを測定した。これらの特性は、FRにおけるダスト生成のメカニズムと量を理解する上で極めて重要であり、これはトリチウム保持やFR施設における緊急事態に関連する可能性がある。また、2つの新しい技術も適用した。表面については、X線単一光子検出と高い分光分解能および角度分解能を組み合わせた可搬型X線回折装置を開発した。バルクの損傷性調査には、浜松ホトニクス社製のマイクロフォーカスX線源(150 kV、500 µA、最小焦点サイズ5 µm)からX線を発生させるX線マイクロCTシステムを適用した。検出器は、GOSシンチレータの下のファイバーオプティックプレートに結合された浜松ホトニクス社製CMOSフラットパネルであった。三次元データの再構成はCobra 7.4およびDIGIX CTソフトウェアで行い、セグメンテーションとレンダリングにはVG Studio Max 2.1およびAmira 5.3を使用した。また、高速イオンビーム作用の数値シミュレーションも実施した。本論文には、材料の元素含有量、構造、および特性の変化に関する調査結果が含まれている。

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