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Operating temperature windows for fusion reactor structural materials

S.J Zinkle, N.M Ghoniem2000年Fusion Engineering and DesignIF 1.7出版社

AbstractA critical analysis is presented of the operating temperature windows for nine candidate fusion reactor structural materials: four reduced-activation structural materials (oxide-dispersion-strengthened and ferritic/martensitic steels containing 8–12%Cr, V–4Cr–4Ti, and SiC/SiC composites), copper-base alloys (CuNiBe), tantalum-base alloys (e.g. Ta–8W–2Hf), niobium alloys (Nb–1Zr), and molybdenum and tungsten alloys. The results are compared with the operating temperature limits for Type 316 austenitic stainless steel. Several factors define the allowable operating temperature window for structural alloys in a fusion reactor. The lower operating temperature limit in all body-centered cubic (BCC) and most face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys is determined by radiation embrittlement (decrease in fracture toughness), which is generally most pronounced for irradiation temperatures below ∼0.3 TM where TM is the melting temperature. The lower operating temperature limit for SiC/SiC composites will likely be determined by radiation-induced thermal conductivity degradation, which becomes more pronounced in ceramics with decreasing temperature. The upper operating temperature limit of structural materials is determined by one of four factors, all of which become more pronounced with increasing exposure time: (1) thermal creep (grain boundary sliding or matrix diffusional creep); (2) high temperature He embrittlement of grain boundaries; (3) cavity swelling (particularly important for SiC and Cu alloys); or (4) coolant compatibility/corrosion issues. In many cases, the upper temperature limit will be determined by coolant corrosion/compatibility rather than by thermal creep or radiation effects. The compatibility of the structural materials with Li, Pb–Li, Sn–Li, He and Flibe (Li2BeF4) coolants is summarized.

日本語訳

9種類の核融合炉構造材料候補について、作動温度ウィンドウの臨界分析を示す:4種類の低放射化構造材料(8~12%Crを含む酸化物分散強化鋼およびフェライト/マルテンサイト鋼、V–4Cr–4Ti、SiC/SiC複合材料)、銅基合金(CuNiBe)、タンタル基合金(例:Ta–8W–2Hf)、ニオブ合金(Nb–1Zr)、ならびにモリブデンおよびタングステン合金。結果は、Type 316オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の作動温度限界と比較される。核融合炉構造材料の許容作動温度ウィンドウを規定する要因は複数ある。すべての体心立方(BCC)合金およびほとんどの面心立方(FCC)合金における下限作動温度は、放射線脆化(破壊靱性の低下)によって決定され、これは一般に、照射温度が融点TMの約0.3倍未満の場合に最も顕著となる。SiC/SiC複合材料の下限作動温度は、放射線誘起熱伝導率低下によって決定される可能性が高く、この現象はセラミックスでは温度低下に伴い顕著となる。構造材料の上限作動温度は、以下の4つの要因のいずれかによって決定され、いずれも曝露時間の増加に伴い顕著となる:(1)熱クリープ(粒界すべりまたはマトリックス拡散クリープ)、(2)粒界の高温ヘリウム脆化、(3)キャビティスウェリング(特にSiCおよびCu合金で重要)、または(4)冷却材適合性/腐食。多くの場合、上限温度は熱クリープや放射線効果ではなく、冷却材による腐食/適合性によって決定される。Li、Pb–Li、Sn–Li、HeおよびFlibe(Li2BeF4)冷却材に対する構造材料の適合性を要約する。

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