Towards a physical understanding of the formation of flattened upstream scrape-off-layer (SOL) density profiles, namely 'density shoulders', a self-consistent one-dimensional radial transport model has been developed to estimate the upstream profiles covering both the core plasma and SOL region at the tokamak midplane. For the SOL region, the effective density and temperature profiles for the ionization process are obtained by the weighted averaging of the upstream and downstream profiles, which can distinguish the open-target operation from the closed-target operation by a weighting factor. Compared with enhanced turbulent convective transport, it is complementary for the model to study the competition between the effective source Seff and the parallel particle loss LSOL. It indicates that: (1) an appropriate Seff intensity controlled by the neutral pressure due to divertor or wall recycling and (2) an appropriate Seff peak position in a far SOL region adjusted by the plasma current as well as the weighting factor could offset the damping effect of LSOL on the density profile. Then Seff over LSOL in a far SOL region could be the sole process involved in bringing about SOL density shoulders.
Study of near scrape-off layer (SOL) temperature and density gradient lengths with Thomson scattering