Ion cyclotron resonant frequency (ICRF) induced impurity production has raised many concerns since ITER proposed to change the first wall material from beryllium to tungsten. Enhanced DC plasma potential (VDC) due to radio frequency (RF) sheath rectification is well known as one of the most important mechanisms behind the RF induced impurities. Our previous work (Lu et al 2018 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion60 035003) considered the impact of both the slow wave and the fast wave on the RF sheath rectification in a 2D geometry. It can barely recover the double-hump structure of the VDC poloidal distribution observed in various machines when only the slow wave is modelled using the multi-2D approach which intrinsically assumes the poloidal wavenumber kz is zero. The fast wave on the other hand is found to be more sensitive to a finite kz and may need to be tackled in 3D. This work reports our recent progress on the 3D RF sheath modelling. In this new code, the latest RF sheath boundary conditions (Myra 2021 J. Plasma Phys. 87 905870504) and the realistic 3D ICRF antennas are implemented. Compared to the 2D results, the 3D code could well recover the double-hump poloidal distribution of VDC even with the fast wave included, which confirms our speculation on the necessity of treating the fast wave in 3D. While the double-hump pattern is robust in the simulation, the amplitude of VDC is found to be affected by the magnetic tilt angle and the antenna geometry. This emphasizes the importance of adopting a realistic antenna geometry in the RF sheath modelling. The double-hump VDC poloidal structure breaks as the magnetic tilt angle increases. This is explained by the gyrotropic property of the cold plasma dielectric tensor. The spatial proximity effect we identified in the previous 2D simulations is still valid in 3D. Finally, simulation shows the slow wave dominates the RF sheath excitation in the private scrape-off layer (SOL), while the fast wave gradually takes over when moving to the far SOL region. This code could be a new tool to provide numerical support for ITER impurity assessment and ICRF antenna design.
This paper presents a 3D model for studying the impact of radio frequency (RF) sheaths on impurity production in fusion devices. The model considers the effects of both slow and fast waves, as well as realistic 3D ICRF antenna geometries. The key finding is that the 3D model can capture the double-hump structure of the DC plasma potential observed in experiments, which was not possible with previous 2D models.