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Experimental observations of driven and intrinsic rotation in tokamak plasmas

J E Rice2016年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Experimental observations of driven and intrinsic rotation in tokamak plasmas are reviewed. For momentum sources, there is direct drive from neutral beam injection, lower hybrid and ion cyclotron range of frequencies waves (including mode conversion flow drive), as well as indirect forces from fast ion and electron orbit shifts, and toroidal magnetic field ripple loss. Counteracting rotation drive are sinks, such as from neutral drag and toroidal viscosity. Many of these observations are in agreement with the predictions of neo-classical theory while others are not, and some cases of intrinsic rotation remain puzzling. In contrast to particle and heat fluxes which depend on the relevant diffusivity and convection, there is an additional term in the momentum flux, the residual stress, which can act as the momentum source for intrinsic rotation. This term is independent of the velocity or its gradient, and its divergence constitutes an intrinsic torque. The residual stress, which ultimately responds to the underlying turbulence, depends on the confinement regime and is a complicated function of collisionality, plasma shape, and profiles of density, temperature, pressure and current density. This leads to the rich intrinsic rotation phenomenology. Future areas of study include integration of these many effects, advancement of quantitative explanations for intrinsic rotation and development of strategies for velocity profile control.

日本語訳

トカマクプラズマにおける駆動回転と固有回転の実験的観測について概説する。運動量の源としては、中性粒子ビーム入射、低域混成波およびイオンサイクロトロン周波数帯の波動(モード変換フロー駆動を含む)による直接駆動に加え、高速粒子および電子の軌道シフトやトロイダル磁場リップルによる損失に起因する間接的な力がある。運動量の駆動に対抗するのは、中性粒子による抗力やトロイダル粘性などの損失項である。これらの観測の多くは新古典理論の予測と一致するが、一致しないものもあり、固有回転のいくつかの事例は未解明のままである。粒子フラックスや熱フラックスがそれぞれの拡散係数と対流項に依存するのとは対照的に、運動量フラックスには追加の項である残留応力が存在し、これが固有回転の運動量源となり得る。この項は速度やその勾配には依存せず、その発散が固有トルクを構成する。残留応力は最終的には背景乱流に応答するものであり、閉じ込めモードに依存し、衝突頻度、プラズマ形状、密度・温度・圧力・電流密度の分布の複雑な関数である。このことが、豊かな固有回転現象をもたらす。今後の研究課題としては、これらの多様な効果の統合、固有回転の定量的説明の進展、および速度分布制御のための手法開発が挙げられる。

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Intrinsic rotation
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