A strong relationship between the fishbone instability and internal transport barrier (ITB) formation has been found on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in high βN ELMy H-mode discharges. ITB formation always appears after the fishbone instability, and the fishbone disappears when the ITB grows to a certain extent. Hybrid simulations with the global kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code M3D-K have been carried out to investigate the linear stability and non-linear dynamics of beam-driven fishbone instabilities in these shots. The simulation results show that the fishbone instability absorbs the energy of the fast ions and changes the distribution function of the fast ions, leading to the accumulation of fast ions near the ITB, which might eventually assist in the formation of the ITB. The q = 1 surface disappearance caused by the bootstrap current generated by the steep pressure gradient in the ITB region has been considered as the reason for the fishbone instability vanishing. This process has also been reproduced in simulation. However, the timescale of this change in the q profile is not sufficient under classical current diffusion times. The simulation utilizes another assumption explaining the disappearance of the fishbone instability. The density will form a barrier in the ITB region, which should broaden the distribution of the fast ions, and the broadening profile of the distribution of the fast ion mitigates the growth of the fishbone instability.
Saturation of fishbone instability through zonal flows driven by energetic particle transport in tokamak plasmas