The absolute densities of the dominant light impurities in the plasma centre have been measured in JET during neutral beam heating using charge exchange spectroscopy. The behaviour of carbon, oxygen and helium (in helium discharges) is investigated for limiter and X-point discharges. When the plasma is in the X-point configuration, the central carbon concentration is significantly lower than in the material limiter configuration (by a factor of two to three). After the transition from the L-mode to the H-mode, a strong impurity buildup is observed in the plasma centre which significantly reduces the central dilution factor nD/ne from initial values near 0.8 to about 0.6 at the collapse of the H-mode. Nonetheless, during the H-mode, the product of deuteron density and ion temperature nDTi (both derived by the charge exchange spectroscopy diagnostic) shows a clear enhancement with respect to the L-mode at the same input power. Helium discharges as compared to deuterium discharges have a higher carbon concentration (consistent with physical sputtering) and a much reduced oxygen concentration (no/ne < 0.005, consistent with chemical release of oxygen). The transient behaviour of oxygen and carbon following deuterium pellet injection is discussed using a comparable non-pellet reference discharge. An increase of the oxygen content in the plasma centre is observed some 600 ms after injection of a deuterium pellet, while the central carbon density appears only transiently diluted by the sudden addition of pure deuterium. No evidence of a cleaning action through sawtooth relaxations is detected in the case of low-Z impurities.
Carbon concentration in the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator measured with the high-energy Li beam