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Stress-driven surface swell and exfoliation of copper as the plasma-facing materials in NBI ICP source

Yunqiu Cui, Hongyu Fan, Chunjie Niu, Weifeng Liu, Zilu Zhao, Qiang Wang, Xiaoping Li, Yang Zhang, Xianxiu Mei, Guangjiu Lei2022年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Neutral beam injection (NBI) heating is a significant auxiliary heating method used in Tokamak fusion devices. The material of faraday shield (FS) and accelerator grids in the NBI inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source can be damaged during operation by the high-density hydrogen plasma irradiation, and thus affecting the stability of the NBI system. In this paper, a series of hydrogen plasma exposure experiments are performed on oxygen-free copper (OFC) specimens at 400 K–850 K with ion energy of 20–200 eV and irradiation fluence up to 1.0 × 1025 m−2. Meanwhile, the rate equation model is adopted for numerical simulation of the bubble growth and hydrogen retention. The influence of OFC surface temperature, hydrogen ion energy and fluence on OFC damage are experimentally and numerically investigated. Surface observations show that swell and exfoliation are formed on the OFC samples at 400 K and 600 K by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrogen ion energy varying from 20 to 200 eV at 400 K is observed to have little effect on OFC surface microstructure. The simulative results show that there exist different critical temperatures when the initial bubble radius changes. The bubble surface density rises and the bubble size decreases with increasing temperature (below the critical temperature). In addition, adjacent bubbles get closer to each other with the growth of hydrogen bubbles, and the strong tensile stress is produced inside the surrounding material of hydrogen bubbles. Some cracks caused by hydrogen bubbles appear on the surface of the OFC to relax the pressure-induced stress, ultimately leading to OFC FS/grids material damage. This investigation helps to understand hydrogen retention and failure mechanisms of OFC materials under extreme operation conditions in the NBI devices.

日本語訳

中性ビーム入射(NBI)加熱は、トカマク核融合装置で使用される重要な補助加熱方法である。NBI誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)源におけるファラデーシールド(FS)および加速グリッドの材料は、運転中に高密度水素プラズマ照射によって損傷を受ける可能性があり、これがNBIシステムの安定性に影響を及ぼす。本論文では、無酸素銅(OFC)試験片に対して、温度400 K~850 K、イオンエネルギー20~200 eV、照射フルエンス最大1.0×10^25 m^-2の条件下で一連の水素プラズマ曝露実験を行った。同時に、バブル成長と水素保持の数値シミュレーションには速度方程式モデルを採用した。OFC表面温度、水素イオンエネルギー、フルエンスがOFC損傷に及ぼす影響を実験的および数値的に調査した。表面観察により、400 Kおよび600 KでOFC試験片に膨れ(スウェリング)と剥離(エクスフォリエーション)が形成されることが走査型電子顕微鏡で確認された。400 Kでイオンエネルギーを20 eVから200 eVに変化させた場合、OFC表面微細構造への影響はほとんど見られなかった。シミュレーション結果から、初期バブル半径が異なると臨界温度が異なることが示された。臨界温度以下では、温度の上昇に伴いバブル表面密度は増加し、バブルサイズは減少した。さらに、水素バブルの成長に伴い隣接するバブル同士が接近し、周囲の材料内部に強い引張応力が生じた。OFC表面に現れた亀裂は応力を緩和するために発生し、最終的にOFC FS/グリッド材料の損傷につながった。本研究は、NBI装置の極端な運転条件下におけるOFC材料の水素保持と破壊メカニズムの理解に貢献する。

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Neutral beam injectionPlasma-facing componentCopper
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