Tungsten is the leading plasma-facing material (PFM) for nuclear fusion applications. It faces severe operating conditions, including intense hydrogen plasma exposure and high-cycle transient heat loading, which create various defects in tungsten. Additionally, defects have often already been introduced during manufacturing. Little is understood regarding the synergistic effect of such defects on the lifetime of tungsten so far. Here, we investigate the influence of porosity and blistering on the thermal fatigue behavior of tungsten. The pores resulted from powder metallurgy whereas the blistering was induced by hydrogen plasma exposure. Both conditions were subjected to transient heat loading by a high-power pulsed laser. The exposure was performed in the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI, which closely mimics the expected particle and heat flux in the world's largest fusion experiment, ITER. Both porosity and blistering degraded the fatigue resistance of tungsten. Pores tended to aggregate at high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and assisted crack initiation therein, as revealed by focused ion beam cross-sectioning and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The blisters were characteristic of subsurface cavities, which were located at a depth close to the surface roughness induced by transient heat loading. The stress concentration at the tip of the cavities is considered to promote crack initiation. The results highlight the necessity of a 'life cycle assessment' of the tungsten PFM for nuclear fusion reactors.
Fracture behavior of tungsten-based composites exposed to steady-state/transient hydrogen plasma