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Fracture behavior of tungsten-based composites exposed to steady-state/transient hydrogen plasma

Y. Li, T.W. Morgan, J.A.W. Van Dommelen, S. Antusch, M. Rieth, J.P.M. Hoefnagels, D. Terentyev, G. De Temmerman, K. Verbeken, M.G.D. Geers2020年被引用 17Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

The fracture behavior of plasma-facing components (PFCs) under extreme plasma-material interaction conditions is of great concern to ITER and future fusion reactors. This was explored in the current study by exposing pure tungsten (W), W-1%TiC and W-2%Y2O3 composites to a combined steady-state/transient hydrogen plasma up to a base surface temperature of ~2220 K, and up to 5000 transient pulses for 1000 s using the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI. The applied heat loads were characterized by combining sheath physics, thermographic information and finite element analyses, with which the thermal stress was evaluated. Combining microstructural investigation and thermo-mechanical numerical analyses, a physical picture of fracture is developed. The transient heat loads drive surface crack initiation, whose depth can be estimated by a simple analytical model for pure tungsten, while the cooling period following the steady-state heat load induces tensile stresses, opening existing surface cracks deeper. The fracture process is mediated by the microstructure whereby the ceramic particles stabilize the microstructure but promote surface crack initiation due to suppressed plasticity at the grain boundaries and the particle-matrix interfaces. The surface cracks relieve the subsequent cycles of transient thermal stress but intensify the steady-state thermal stress, therefore, promoting deep crack propagation. These results help to understand failure mechanisms in PFCs under extreme operation conditions which are valuable for developing advanced PFCs.

日本語訳

プラズマ対向材料(PFC)の極端なプラズマ-材料相互作用条件下における破壊挙動は、ITERおよび将来の核融合炉にとって重大な関心事である。本研究では、純タングステン(W)、W-1%TiC、およびW-2%Y₂O₃複合材料を、線形プラズマ発生装置Magnum-PSIを用いて、定常/過渡的水素プラズマに、ベース温度約2220 Kまで、および5000回の過渡パルスを1000秒間にわたって曝露することにより、この挙動を調査した。印加熱負荷は、シース熱計測、サーモグラフィ情報、および有限要素解析を組み合わせて特性評価し、これにより熱応力を評価した。微細組織観察と数値力学解析を組み合わせることで、破壊の物理的描像を構築した。過渡熱負荷は表面き裂の発生を駆動し、その深さは純タングステンに対する簡易解析モデルによって推定可能である。一方、定常熱負荷後の冷却期間は引張応力を誘起し、既存の表面き裂をより深く進展させる。破壊プロセスは微細組織によって媒介され、セラミック粒子は微細組織を安定化させるものの、結晶粒界および粒子-マトリックス界面における塑性の抑制により表面き裂の発生を促進する。表面き裂はその後の過渡サイクルにおける熱応力を緩和するが、定常熱応力を増大させ、したがって深いき裂進展を促進する。これらの結果は、極端な運転条件下におけるPFCの破壊メカニズムの理解に貢献し、先進PFCの開発にとって価値のあるものである。

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