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Response of yttria dispersion strengthened tungsten simultaneously exposed to steady-state and transient hydrogen plasma

Z. Chen, Y. Li, Y.Y. Lian, F. Feng, J.B. Wang, Y. Tan, T.W. Morgan, L.Z. Cai, X. Liu, M. Xu2020年被引用 7Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

W–Y2O3 alloy with low DBTT (ductile-brittle transition temperature) and high RCT (recrystallization temperature), processed by high energy rate forging (HERF) was exposed to ITER-like steady-state and transient hydrogen plasma in the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI. The steady-state heat fluxes were in the range of 8.35–16.32 MW·m−2, resulting in surface base temperatures of the samples in the range of 1271 °C to 1982 °C. The applied transient peak heat flux with a frequency of 5 Hz (a total of 1000 pulses) was about 0.50 GW·m−2. The exposure time was ~220 s. No obvious morphological change of the exposed sample with a base temperature of 1271 °C was observed, except the preferential erosion of the W/Y2O3 interface. However, cracks along grain boundaries were formed on the surface of the exposed samples with base temperatures above 1389 °C. Pronounced recrystallization and grain growth also occurred for the samples with base temperatures of 1666 °C and 1982 °C. It is desirable to find that no wide and deep crack with preferential propagation direction with regard to the sample dimension was observed, even extensive recrystallization and cracking along grain boundaries occurred. This indicates that decreasing DBTT and increasing RCT simultaneously is desirable to broaden the safe operational temperature window of W as plasma-facing material, and therefore to increase the power handling capability of the plasma-facing units of a tungsten-based divertor in future fusion reactors. However, the formation of W/Y2O3 composite, melting and depletion of the Y2O3 particles gradually occurred with increasing the surface temperatures. It implies that the doping of Y2O3 particles complicates the plasma-material interaction, compared to the pure W case. For example, it raises concerns about the formation of complex dust which will potentially be a significant issue for the safe operation of future fusion reactors (e.g. core plasma contamination and fuel recycling).

日本語訳

W–Y2O3合金は、低DBTT(延性-脆性遷移温度)と高RCT(再結晶温度)を有し、高エネルギー率鍛造(HERF)によって加工された後、線形プラズマ発生装置Magnum-PSIにおいて、ITER類似の定常状態および過渡的水素プラズマに曝露された。定常熱流束は8.35~16.32 MW·m⁻²の範囲であり、試料の表面基準温度は1271 °Cから1982 °Cの範囲に達した。印加された過渡ピーク熱流束は、周波数5 Hz(合計1000パルス)で約0.50 GW·m⁻²であった。曝露時間は約220秒であった。基準温度1271 °Cの曝露試料では、W/Y2O3界面の選択的侵食を除き、明瞭な形態変化は観察されなかった。しかし、基準温度1389 °Cを超える曝露試料の表面では、粒界に沿った亀裂が形成された。基準温度1666 °Cおよび1982 °Cの試料では、顕著な再結晶と粒成長も生じた。試料寸法に関して優先的な伝播方向を有する広く深い亀裂は観察されなかったことは、望ましい結果である。たとえ粒界に沿った顕著な再結晶と亀裂が生じたとしてもである。これは、DBTTの低下とRCTの上昇を同時に達成することが、プラズマ対向材料としてのWの安全な動作温度範囲を広げ、したがって将来の核融合炉におけるタングステン系ダイバータのプラズマ対向ユニットの電力処理能力を向上させるために望ましいことを示している。しかし、表面温度の上昇に伴い、W/Y2O3複合材料の形成、Y2O3粒子の溶融および消耗が徐々に発生した。これは、Y2O3粒子のドーピングが、純Wの場合と比較して、プラズマ-材料相互作用を複雑化することを示唆している。例えば、複雑なダストの形成に関する懸念が生じるが、これは将来の核融合炉の安全な運転にとって重大な問題となる可能性がある(例えば、コアプラズマの汚染や燃料リサイクリング)。

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