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Thermohydraulic experiments on a water jet into vacuum during ingress of coolant event in a fusion experimental reactor

M. Ogawa, T. Kunugi1995年Fusion Engineering and DesignIF 1.7出版社

AbstractAn event of a water coolant ingress into a tokamak vacuum is one of the most important events leading to severe consequences in a nuclear fusion experimental reactor. The ingress of coolant event (ICE) starts from a coolant pipe rupture inside the vacuum vessel, and then water coolant ingress into vacuum happens followed by an impingement of the water onto the plasma-facing wall and water evaporation with chemical reactions on the plasma-facing wall. The ICE might cause enough pressurization to break the vacuum vessel and a possible release of tritium and/or activated materials to the outside of the vacuum vessel. Therefore, one of the key issues in fusion safety design is to evaluate the pressurization in the vacuum vessel during the ICE. Thermohydraulic experiments with a water jet injected into a vacuum enclosure were carried out to examine the pressurization due to the evaporation in vacuum, and water jets were impinged onto a hot plate placed in the vacuum enclosure. Water was injected from an injection nozzle to the vacuum enclosure. Injection nozzles with diameters of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mm were used to simulate a small break of the coolant pipe. Mass flow rates of the water jet ranged from 1.3 × 10−3 to 0.50 kg s−1. Water freezing occurs under the limited conditions of the injection nozzle with 0.5 mm diameter and the mass flow rate less than 2.42 × 10−3 kg s−1. The pressurization rates due to the evaporation were obtained during the impingement of non-freezing water on the hot wall superheated to 300 K. The existing correlations of the boiling heat transfer in water jet impingement onto a hot plate cannot predict the present results of the pressurization rates.

日本語訳

核融合実験炉における真空容器への冷却材流入事象は、重大な結果をもたらす最も重要な事象の一つである。冷却材流入事象(ICE)は、真空容器内部での冷却材配管破断に始まり、その後、真空容器内への水の流入が発生し、プラズマ対向壁への水の衝突、さらにプラズマ対向壁での化学反応を伴う水の蒸発が生じる。ICEは、真空容器の破損に至るほどの十分な加圧を引き起こす可能性があり、トリチウムおよび/または活性化された物質が真空容器外部へ放出される可能性がある。したがって、核融合安全設計における重要課題の一つは、ICE発生時の真空容器内の加圧を評価することである。真空容器を模擬した密閉容器内への水噴流の注入に関する熱水力実験を実施し、真空環境下での蒸発による加圧を検討した。水噴流は、密閉容器内に設置された高温平板に衝突させた。冷却材配管の小破断を模擬するため、直径0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0 mmの注入ノズルを使用した。水噴流の質量流量は1.3×10⁻³から0.50 kg s⁻¹の範囲であった。直径0.5 mmのノズルおよび2.42×10⁻³ kg s⁻¹未満の質量流量という限定的条件下では、水の凍結が発生した。300 Kに過熱された高温平板への非凍結水の衝突時における蒸発による加圧率を取得した。水噴流の高温平板への衝突における沸騰熱伝達に関する既存の相関式では、本実験で得られた加圧率の結果を予測することはできない。

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