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Gross and net erosion balance of plasma-facing materials in full-W tokamaks

A. Hakola, J. Likonen, A. Lahtinen, T. Vuoriheimo, M. Groth, H. Kumpulainen, M. Balden, K. Krieger, M. Mayer, T. Schwarz-Selinger2021年被引用 13Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Gross and net erosion of tungsten (W) and other plasma-facing materials in the divertor region have been investigated in deuterium (D) and helium (He) plasmas during dedicated experiments in L- and H-mode on ASDEX Upgrade and after full-length experimental campaigns on the WEST tokamak. Net erosion was determined via post-exposure analyses of plasma-exposed samples and full-size wall components, and we conclude that the same approach is applicable to gross erosion if marker structures with sub-millimeter dimensions are used to eliminate the contribution of prompt re-deposition. In H-mode plasmas, gross erosion during ELMs may exceed the situation in inter-ELM conditions by 1–2 orders of magnitude while net erosion is typically higher by a factor of 2–3. The largest impact on net erosion is attributed to the electron temperature while the role of the impurity mixtures is weaker, even though both on ASDEX Upgrade and WEST significant amounts of impurities are present in the edge plasmas. Impurities, on the other hand, will lead to the formation of thick co-deposited layers. We have also noted that with increasing surface roughness, net erosion is strongly suppressed and the growth of co-deposited layers is enhanced. In He plasmas, gross erosion is increased compared to D due to the higher mass and charge states of the plasma particles, resulting from larger energies due to sheath acceleration, but strong impurity fluxes can result in apparent net deposition in the divertor. Our results from ASDEX Upgrade and WEST are comparable and indicate typical net-erosion rates of 0.1–0.4 nm s−1, excluding the immediate vicinity of the strike-point regions.

日本語訳

タングステン(W)およびその他のプラズマ対向材料の正味および総損耗(エロージョン)を、ASDEX UpgradeにおけるLモードおよびHモードでの専用実験中、ならびにWESTにおける全長実験キャンペーン後に、重水素(D)およびヘリウム(He)プラズマ中で調査した。正味損耗は、プラズマ曝露後の試料および実機規模の壁コンポーネントの事後分析により決定され、ミリメートル寸法のマーカー構造を用いることで即時再堆積の寄与を排除すれば、同手法が総損耗の評価にも適用可能であることを見出した。Hモードプラズマでは、ELM(周辺局在モード)中の総損耗はELM間の状態と比較して1~2桁大きくなる可能性がある一方、正味損耗は典型的に2~3倍高い値を示す。正味損耗に最も大きな影響を与えるのは電子温度であり、不純物混合の影響は比較的小さいが、ASDEX UpgradeとWESTの両方において周辺プラズマ中に有意な不純物が存在する。一方、不純物は厚い共堆積層の形成をもたらす。また、表面粗さの増大に伴い、正味損耗は強く抑制され、共堆積層の成長が促進されることを確認した。Heプラズマ中では、シース加速による高いエネルギーを有するプラズマ粒子の質量数および電荷数が大きいため、Dプラズマと比較して総損耗は増加するが、強い不純物フラックスによりダイバータ領域では見かけ上の正味堆積が生じ得る。ASDEX UpgradeとWESTから得られた結果は互換的であり、ストライク点近傍領域を除けば、典型的な正味損耗速度は0.1~0.4 nm s⁻¹の範囲であることを示している。

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asdex-upgrade中精度(概要文一致)

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Plasma-facing componentNext European Torus
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