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Tore Supra experience on actively cooled high heat flux components

2002年Fusion Engineering and DesignIF 1.7出版社

AbstractActively cooled Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) are one of the major issues of the next generation Tokamaks. Tore Supra is the only large Tokamak that has included actively cooled PFCs from the start up of the machine in 1988, with a continuous scheme of development to improve their performances and their reliability. The first generation of PFCs was designed to operate the machine under thermal equilibrium, with pulse length of 30 s. Their pioneering level of development, using graphite materials, led to some unreliability under heat loads. In addition, a number of physics mechanisms have been identified which led to tile damage and/or local destruction of the heat sink cooling structure resulting in three water leak events. The following generation, using CFC with an improved brazing technology including systematic inspection methods, had technological success. However, a few of these medium heat flux components (Inner First Wall, 2 MW/m2) were also damaged during plasma operation due to unexpected local very high heat load deposition. Finally, the more recent development of PFCs concerns the actively cooled high heat flux finger element (up to 10 MW/m2) devoted first to the RF antennae limiters and then to the Toroidal Pump Limiter (TPL) in the frame of the CIEL project. Although no negligible problems appeared during series fabrication, a large number (i.e. 800) of high performance pieces have been fabricated and its final delivery has been recently completed. First behaviour results obtained in 2001 during plasma operation with the Limiter start up version are also given.

日本語訳

アクティブ冷却されたプラズマ対向機器(PFC)は、次世代トカマクの主要な課題の一つである。Tore Supraは、1988年の装置立ち上げ当初からアクティブ冷却PFCを組み込んだ唯一のトカマクであり、その性能と信頼性を向上させるための継続的な開発計画が進められてきた。第一世代のPFCは、熱平衡状態での運転を想定して設計され、パルス長は30秒であった。グラファイト材料を用いた先駆的な開発段階では、熱負荷に対する信頼性にいくつかの問題が見られた。さらに、タイル損傷や熱シンク冷却構造の局所的な破壊につながる複数の物理メカニズムが特定され、その結果、3件の水漏れ事象が発生した。CFCを用いた次世代PFCは、系統的な検査手法を含む改良されたろう付け技術により、技術的に成功を収めた。しかしながら、これらの媒体熱流束機器(インナーファーストウォール、2 MW/m²)の一部も、予期しない局所的な超高熱負荷の堆積により、プラズマ運転中に損傷を受けた。最新のPFC開発は、アクティブ冷却された高熱流束フィンガー要素(最大10 MW/m²)に関するものであり、当初はRFアンテナリミッターに、その後はCIEL計画の枠組みにおけるトロイダルポンプリミッター(TPL)に適用された。量産段階では無視できない問題も発生したが、高性能部品のうち多数(すなわち800個)が製造され、最終納入は最近完了した。2001年のプラズマ運転中にリミッター立ち上げバージョンで得られた初期の挙動結果も併せて示す。

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