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Free surface heat transfer and innovative designs for thin and thick liquid walls

A.Y. Ying, N. Morley, S. Smolentsev, K. Gulec, P. Fogarty2000年Fusion Engineering and DesignIF 1.7出版社

AbstractDesign windows on free surface flows in the APEX (advanced power extraction) study are derived from the viewpoints of the free surface heat transfer, the adaptation of liquid flows to the topological constraints, and temperature requirements for plasma operation and power conversion efficiency. Within these constraints, the temperature of the free liquid surface facing the plasma is the most critical parameter governing the amount of liquid that evaporates into the plasma chamber. Present analyses show that a 2 cm or a 40 cm thick lithium layer can be established throughout the ARIES-RS reactor using a velocity of 10 m s−1 while operating under the plasma compatible surface temperature. However, like solid metallic walls, the liquid lithium walls require the use of electrical insulators to overcome the MHD drag. As for Flibe free surface flows, the MHD effect caused by interaction with the mean flow is negligible, while a fairly uniform flow of 2 or 45 cm thick can be maintained throughout the reactor based on 3-D hydrodynamics calculations. However, being a low thermally conducting medium, the Flibe surface temperature highly depends on the extent of the turbulent convection. The heat transfer analyses based on the κ–ε model of the turbulence, including MHD effects and various boundary conditions, predict a range of temperatures that may be beyond the plasma compatible temperatures. If indeed the Flibe surface temperature is high relative to the plasma operation limit, further design adjustments will be required to accommodate this deficiency.

日本語訳

APEX(先進的動力抽出)研究における自由表面流の設計ウィンドウは、自由表面熱伝達、位相的制約への液体流の適応、ならびにプラズマ運転および動力変換効率に対する温度要件の観点から導出される。これらの制約内では、プラズマに面する液体自由表面の温度が、プラズマ容器内へ蒸発する液体の量を支配する最も重要なパラメータである。本解析により、10 m s−1の速度を用いることで、プラズマ適合表面温度で動作させながら、ARIES-RS炉全体にわたり厚さ2 cmまたは40 cmのリチウム層を確立できることが示された。しかしながら、固体金属壁と同様に、液体リチウム壁はMHD抗力を克服するために電気絶縁体の使用を必要とする。Flibe自由表面流に関しては、平均流との相互作用によるMHD効果は無視できる一方、3次元流体力学計算に基づき、厚さ2 cmまたは45 cmのほぼ均一な流れを炉全体にわたって維持できる。しかしながら、低熱伝導性媒体であるため、Flibe表面温度は乱流対流の程度に大きく依存する。MHD効果および様々な境界条件を含む乱流のκ–εモデルに基づく熱伝達解析では、プラズマ適合温度を超える可能性のある温度範囲が予測される。仮にFlibe表面温度がプラズマ運転限界と比較して高い場合、この欠点を補うためにさらなる設計調整が必要となるであろう。

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