Understanding ECH density pump-out in DIII-D H-mode plasmas

In this paper, we show that the often observed 'density pump-out' with electron cyclotron heating (ECH) (Angioni et al 2004 Nucl. Fusion44 827, 2009 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion51 124017), at low density and/or collisionality is the result of an increase in turbulence drive at the plasma edge (Angioni et al 2004 Nucl. Fusion44 827, 2005 Phys. Plasmas12 040701, Mordijck et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion43 113025). Prior results were limited to comparison of steady-state conditions, before and after the ECH was applied, and thus failed to capture the dynamics of the density pump-out. In this paper, we find, similar to prior results, that when the plasma reaches a new equilibrium after ECH is applied, gyro-kinetic simulations indicate that the plasma has transitioned from the ion temperature gradient (ITG) to a trapped electron mode (TEM) regime around mid-radius. However, this transition from ITG to TEM only occures in the core after 100 ms. The pump-out on the other hand, starts immediately and is strongest around . Linear gyrokinetic simulations with TGLF show that there is an increase in turbulence drive simultaneously with the density pump-out and the doppler backscattering (DBS) measures an instant increase in density fluctuations at the same radial location. On the other hand, around mid-radius the DBS measures no increase in density fluctuations. All these calculations along with experimental measurements show that the density pump-out is not the result of a change in turbulence type (i.e. not caused by a change from ITG to TEM), but the result of a change in turbulence drive (an increase in linear growth rates), which is later followed by the ITG to TEM transition. This highlights the need for studying not just the equilibrium conditions after a transition, but also the time-dependent changes.