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Tokamak edge turbulence: background theory and computation

Bruce D Scott2007年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

The basic scales of motion and computational requirements for low frequency fluid drift turbulence are summarized in tutorial fashion, with emphasis on the tokamak edge region. Parameters are given by experimental observations, but the computations are otherwise done from first principles. Edge turbulence is fundamentally electromagnetic and nonlinear, not treatable by standard linear or secondary instability analysis. Energetic character is determined by diagnosis of the terms in the energy theorem within the fully developed saturated phase. The spectra of the fluctuations and transport always extend to below the ion gyroradius scale. Direct coupling of pressure fluctuations and E-cross-B eddies through the parallel current is always active. Edge turbulence derives its character from steep gradients, with a parallel/perp scale ratio larger than 100, rather than from collisional effects. Collisionality is neither absent nor strongly dominant for electrons, but very weak for ions. Fluctuations in the axisymmetric component, including the Pfirsch–Schlüter currents, are dynamically integrated into the turbulence. Time scales are one to two orders of magnitude shorter than the ion collision time, hence significant delays occur in the response of heat fluxes and viscosity to temperature gradients and flows. Hence the need for a trans-collisional gyrofluid model to treat cases with comparable ion and electron temperature. Two orders of magnitude in spatial scales and three in time scales are typically involved.

日本語訳

基礎的な運動のスケールと低周波流体乱流の計算要件について、トカマク周辺領域に焦点を当てて、チュートリアル形式で要約する。パラメータは実験観測によって与えられるが、計算はそれ以外は第一原理から行われる。周辺乱流は本質的に電磁的かつ非線形であり、標準的な線形安定性解析や二次不安定性解析では扱えない。エネルギーの特性は、完全に発達した飽和位相におけるエネルギー定理の各項の診断によって決定される。ゆらぎのスペクトルと輸送は常にイオンジャイロ半径スケール以下に及ぶ。圧力ゆらぎとE×B渦の直接的な結合は、常に平行方向の電流を通じて活性化される。周辺乱流は、その特性を急峻な勾配から導き出し、平行方向と垂直方向のスケール比は100を超え、衝突効果によるものではない。衝突性は電子にとっては無視できるわけでも強く支配的でもないが、イオンにとっては非常に弱い。軸対称成分におけるゆらぎは、プファーシュ・シュリュータ電流を含めて、乱流に動的に統合される。時間スケールはイオン衝突時間より1〜2桁短く、したがって熱流束と粘性の温度勾配および流れへの応答には有意な遅延が生じる。したがって、イオンと電子の温度が同程度の場合を扱うには、遷移衝突領域のジャイロ流体モデルが必要となる。空間スケールでは典型的に2桁、時間スケールでは3桁が関与する。

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Edge turbulence
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