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First principles based simulations of instabilities and turbulence

L Villard, P Angelino, A Bottino, S J Allfrey, R Hatzky, Y Idomura, O Sauter, T M Tran2004年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

It is now widely believed that low frequency turbulence developing from small-scale instabilities is responsible for the phenomenon of anomalous transport generally observed in magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The micro-instabilities are driven by gradients of equilibrium density, ion and electron temperatures and magnetic field strength. Gyrokinetic theory is based on the Vlasov–Maxwell equations and, consistent with the ordering, averages out the fast particle gyromotion, reducing the phase space from 6 to 5 dimensions. Solving the resulting equations is a non-trivial task. Difficulties are associated with the magnetic confinement geometry, the strong disparities in space and time scales perpendicular and parallel to B, the different time scales of ion and electron dynamics, and the complex nonlinear behaviour of the system. The main numerical methods are briefly presented together with some recent developments and improvements to the basic algorithms. Recent results are shown, with emphasis on the roles of zonal E × B flows, of parallel nonlinearity and of toroidal coupling on the saturation of ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence in tokamaks.

日本語訳

磁場閉じ込め核融合実験において一般に観測される異常輸送現象は、小スケールの不安定性から発展する低周波乱流に起因すると現在広く考えられている。この微視的不安定性は、平衡密度勾配、イオン温度勾配、電子温度勾配、および磁場強度勾配によって駆動される。ジャイロ運動論は、Vlasov–Maxwell方程式に基づき、秩序化(ordering)に従って高速粒子のジャイロ運動を平均化することで、位相空間を6次元から5次元に縮約する。結果として得られる方程式系を解くことは決して自明な課題ではない。その困難は、磁場閉じ込め配位の幾何学的複雑性、磁場Bに平行および垂直な方向における時空間スケールの大きな隔たり、イオンと電子の運動の時間スケールの差異、そして系の非線形挙動の複雑さに起因する。本稿では、主要な数値解法を簡潔に紹介し、基本アルゴリズムに対する最近の進展と改良について述べる。さらに、トカマクにおけるイオン温度勾配(ITG)駆動乱流の飽和に対して、帯状流(zonal flow)のE × B流れ、平行方向の非線形性、およびトロイダル結合が果たす役割に焦点を当てた最近の研究成果を示す。

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