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Non-linear model-based optimization of actuator trajectories for tokamak plasma profile control

F Felici, O Sauter2012年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

A computational method is presented to determine the tokamak actuator time evolution (trajectories) required to optimally reach a given point in the tokamak operating space while satisfying a set of constraints. Usually, trajectories of plasma auxiliary heating, current drive and plasma current required during the transient phases of a tokamak shot to reach a desired shape of the plasma temperature and safety factor (q) profiles are determined by trial-and-error by physics operators. In this paper, these trajectories are calculated by solving a non-linear, constrained, finite-time optimal control problem.The optimization problem contains a physics model of the non-linear plasma profile dynamics, a cost function to be minimized, and a set of constraints on the actuators and plasma quantities. The method is tested by optimizing the trajectories of Ip, heating and current drive power to obtain a typical hybrid plasma q profile at the end of the current ramp-up phase, while minimizing both the Ohmic flux swing and the distance from a stationary condition, and requiring q > 1 and edge Vloop > 0 at all times. The optimized trajectories feature an Ip overshoot similar to that used in existing experiments, and are shown to perform significantly better than a set of non-optimized trajectories, allowing stationary profiles to be obtained at the beginning of the flat-top phase. Additional information is obtained, including the parameter sensitivity of the optimal solution, a linear model describing the linearized dynamics of the profiles around the optimal trajectory, as well as a classification of the actuator trajectories based on the critical constraint which limits their value at a given time. This provides a solid basis for subsequent closed-loop feedback controller design. The tools presented in this paper could be useful to improve existing tokamak operational scenarios, to prepare operation of future machines and optimize their design.

日本語訳

トカマク作動空間内の所与の点に到達するために必要なアクチュエータの時間発展(軌跡)を、制約条件の集合を満たしつつ最適に決定する計算手法を提示する。通常、トカマク放電の過渡期におけるプラズマ補助加熱、電流駆動、およびプラズマ電流の軌跡は、所望のプラズマ温度分布と安全係数(q)分布を達成するために、物理オペレータによる試行錯誤で決定される。本論文では、これらの軌跡を、非線形・拘束付き・有限時間の最適制御問題を解くことによって計算する。最適化問題には、非線形のプラズマ分布動力学モデル、最小化すべきコスト関数、およびアクチュエータとプラズマ量に関する制約条件の集合が含まれる。本手法は、電流ランプアップ終了時に典型的なハイブリッドプラズマのq分布を得ることを目的として、Ip、加熱・電流駆動電力を最適化することにより検証される。その際、オーミックフラックス消費量と定常状態からの乖離の両方を最小化し、全時間にわたりq > 1かつ端部Vloop > 0を要求する。最適化された軌跡は、既存の実験で用いられているものと同様のIpオーバーシュートを特徴とし、非最適化の軌跡群と比較して有意に優れた性能を示し、フラットトップ開始時における定常状態の達成を可能にする。さらに、最適解のパラメータ感度、最適軌跡周辺におけるプラズマ分布の線形化動力学を記述する線形モデル、および各時点で制約を律束する臨界制約に基づくアクチュエータ軌跡の分類など、付加的な知見が得られる。これらは、その後の閉ループ制御器設計のための堅固な基盤を提供する。本論文で提示されたツールは、既存のトカマク運転シナリオの改善、ならびに将来の装置の運転準備と設計最適化に有用である。

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