Disruptions lead to a rapid loss of thermal and magnetic energy and can cause large heat loads, mechanical forces, and the excitation of a beam of relativistic runaway electrons. The operation of tokamaks at high energy and plasma current requires the use of a mitigation system to limit such detrimental effects. Mitigation techniques rely mainly on the injection of a large amount of impurities to radiate the majority of the thermal and magnetic energies. Heat loads and electro-magnetic (EM) forces as well as their toroidal asymmetries can be greatly reduced by such measures. In this paper, a theory is lined out to explain the reduction of the global vertical force based on large toroidal halo currents that keep the current centroid stationary in the midplane. As a consequence, the vertical current moment, which is linked to the EM-force, is reduced. The theory is backed up by experimental observations in shattered pellet injection mitigated vertical displacement event experiments in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and JET as well as by 2D simulations with the extended MHD code JOREK. Scans in the boundary heat flux are carried out to estimate the correct scrape-off layer temperature and the influence of the fraction of conducted energy. Finally, predictive simulations for ITER confirm the reduction of the vertical force by the injection of impurities.
Runaway electrons and ITER