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Impact and mitigation of disruptions with the ITER-like wall in JET

M. Lehnen, G. Arnoux, S. Brezinsek, J. Flanagan, S.N. Gerasimov, N. Hartmann, T.C. Hender, A. Huber, S. Jachmich, V. Kiptily2013年被引用 85Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Disruptions are a critical issue for ITER because of the high thermal and magnetic energies that are released on short timescales, which results in extreme forces and heat loads. The choice of material of the plasma-facing components (PFCs) can have significant impact on the loads that arise during a disruption. With the ITER-like wall (ILW) in JET made of beryllium in the main chamber and tungsten in the divertor, the main finding is a low fraction of radiation. This has dropped significantly with the ILW from 50–100% of the total energy being dissipated during disruptions in CFC wall plasmas, to less than 50% on average and down to just 10% for vertical displacement events (VDEs). All other changes in disruption properties and loads are consequences of this low radiation: long current quenches (CQs), high vessel forces caused by halo currents and toroidal current asymmetries as well as severe heat loads. Temperatures close to the melting limit have been locally observed on upper first wall structures during deliberate VDE and even at plasma currents as low as 1.5 MA and thermal energy of about 1.5 MJ only. A high radiation fraction can be regained by massive injection of a mixture of 10% Ar with 90% D2. This accelerates the CQ thus reducing the halo current and sideways impulse. The temperature of PFCs stays below 400 °C. MGI is now a mandatory tool to mitigate disruptions in closed-loop operation for currents at and above 2.5 MA in JET.

日本語訳

ディスラプションは、短い時間スケールで放出される高い熱エネルギーと磁気エネルギーのためにITERにとって重大な問題であり、その結果、極端な力と熱負荷が生じる。プラズマ対向機器(PFCs)の材料の選択は、ディスラプション中に生じる負荷に大きな影響を与え得る。JETのITER類似壁(ILW)は、主室がベリリウム、ダイバータがタングステンでできており、主な知見は放射損失割合が低いことである。これはILWにより、CFC壁プラズマにおけるディスラプション中に全エネルギーの50〜100%が散逸されていたのが、平均で50%未満に、垂直変位事象(VDEs)ではわずか10%まで大幅に低下した。ディスラプション特性と負荷における他のすべての変化は、この低い放射損失の結果である:長い電流クエンチ(CQs)、ハロー電流とトロイダル電流非対称性によって引き起こされる高い容器力、そして深刻な熱負荷である。意図的なVDE中に、上部第一壁構造物上で、局所的に融解限界に近い温度が観測されており、しかもプラズマ電流がわずか1.5 MA、熱エネルギーが約1.5 MJのみの場合でもそうであった。10% Arと90% D2の混合物の大量注入により、高い放射損失割合を回復できる。これによりCQが加速され、ハロー電流と横方向衝撃が低減する。PFCsの温度は400 °C未満に保たれる。MGIは現在、JETにおいて2.5 MA以上の電流での閉ループ運転におけるディスラプション緩和の必須ツールとなっている。

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