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Embrittlement of WCLL blanket and its fracture mechanical assessment

Jarir Aktaa, Ermile Gaganidze, Gaetano Bongioví, Pietro Arena, Gandolfo Alessandro Spagnuolo, Giacomo Aiello, Pierluigi Chiovaro, Christian Bachmann2023年Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

In the European fusion programme, the Water Cooled Lithium Lead breeding blanket (WCLL BB) uses EUROFER as a structural material cooled with water at temperatures between 295 °C–328 °C and a pressure of 155 bar. The WCLL BB will be significantly irradiated (>2 dpa), while some parts will not receive significant heat loads, e.g. the sidewalls or the back-supporting structures. The irradiation, together with the irradiation temperature of EUROFER below 350 °C, produces a shift of the ductile-to-brittle-transition temperature (DBTT) to levels above room temperature at neutron doses, causing material damage as low as 2–3 dpa. Even though the DBTT does not reach the operating temperature level, brittle/non-ductile fracture is a concern during in-vessel maintenance when the BB temperature is below the DBTT. Two loading scenarios were identified as severe in this respect: (i) re-pressurization of the WCLL BB cooling loop after in-vessel maintenance, and (ii) dead weight loads during lifting of the BB segment. The embrittlement of the WCLL BB was investigated by quantifying the local DBTT shift in its parts based on current knowledge of the embrittlement behaviour of EUROFER under neutron irradiation. Therefore, a suitable, not overly conservative procedure was derived considering dpa damage and transmuted helium effects. The results demonstrate the ability to identify the 3D spread of the severely embrittled zones in the structure whose impact on the structural integrity was assessed considering the risk of brittle/non-ductile fracture. Thereby, the fracture mechanics approach established in nuclear codes was applied assuming its applicability to EUROFER. The embrittled zones in the first wall (FW) and its sidewalls pass the criteria when assessing the relatively low stresses resulting from the coolant pressure. The assessment was then continued considering stresses appearing in the FW during maintenance, in particular, when lifting the BB segment and transporting it out of the vacuum vessel. In this context, the maximum tolerable flaw sizes were determined in a parameter study considering designs of the FW with different cooling channel wall thicknesses.

日本語訳

欧州核融合プログラムにおいて、水冷却リチウム鉛増殖ブランケット(WCLL BB)は、295 °C–328 °Cの温度および155 barの圧力の水で冷却されるEUROFERを構造材料として使用する。WCLL BBは大幅に照射され(>2 dpa)、一方で側壁や背面支持構造などの一部の部品は大きな熱負荷を受けない。照射は、350 °C未満のEUROFERの照射温度と相まって、2–3 dpaという低い材料損傷を引き起こす中性子線量において、延性-脆性遷移温度(DBTT)を室温以上のレベルにシフトさせる。DBTTが運転温度レベルに達しない場合でも、BB温度がDBTT未満となる炉内保全中には、脆性/非延性破壊が懸念される。この点で重大なものとして、2つの荷重シナリオが特定された:(i)炉内保全後のWCLL BB冷却ループの再加圧、および(ii)BBセグメントの吊り上げ時の自重荷重。WCLL BBの脆化は、中性子照射下でのEUROFERの脆化挙動に関する現在の知見に基づき、その各部における局所的なDBTTシフトを定量化することによって調査された。そこで、dpa損傷と核変換ヘリウムの影響を考慮した、適切で過度に保守的でない手順が導出された。結果は、構造内の深刻に脆化した領域の3Dの広がりを特定する能力を示しており、その影響は脆性/非延性破壊のリスクを考慮して構造健全性の観点から評価された。これにより、原子力コードで確立された破壊力学アプローチが、EUROFERへの適用可能性を仮定して適用された。第一壁(FW)およびその側壁の脆化領域は、冷却材圧力に起因する比較的低い応力を評価した場合、基準を満たす。評価はその後、保全中、特にBBセグメントを持ち上げて真空容器から搬出する際にFWに生じる応力を考慮して続行された。この文脈では、冷却チャネル壁厚が異なるFWの設計を考慮したパラメータ研究において、最大許容欠陥寸法が決定された。

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Water-cooled lead-lithium
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