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EMP characterization at PALS on solid-target experiments

F Consoli, R De Angelis, M De Marco, J Krasa, J Cikhardt, M Pfeifer, D Margarone, D Klir, R Dudzak2018年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

We describe the characterization of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) in experiments on solid targets at PALS laser facility in Prague, for energy up to 600 J and intensity up to 1016 W cm−2 at focus. Measurements of EMPs have been performed by different conductive probes placed inside and outside the experimental chamber. We show results for different targets and probe configurations, and illustrate effects of spurious direct coupling of these transient fields with the read-out apparatus, which are important for high-energy and high-intensity laser-plasma experiments. The related countermeasures are described and demonstrated to be very effective for improving the signal-to-noise ratio, at expenses of measured bandwidths. They allowed us to detect the EMP components due to the intense neutralization currents flowing through the target holder, and those possibly due to wakefields associated with emitted charged particles, which resulted in these experiments to be of the same order of magnitude. It is the first time both discharge current and associated EMP are effectively measured in the same nanosecond-scale experiment, where this EMP contribution is effectively detected by conductive probes. A remarkable agreement was obtained from comparison of the detected EMP profile with measured neutralization current. We also show the results achieved by means of electromagnetic simulations of fields in the modeled experimental chamber, in particular in the regions where the probes were actually placed during the experiments, and compare them with measured signals. It appears that conductive probes have limitations for the measurement of the high-frequency components of the EMP fields. The illustrated results are of primary importance for the hot topic of EMP characterization and minimization in plants for inertial-confinement-fusion (NIF, LMJ, PETAL) as well as for laser-plasma acceleration (PETAL, ELI, Apollon...).

日本語訳

我々は、プラハのPALSレーザー施設における固体ターゲットを用いた実験において、エネルギーが最大600J、集光強度が最大10¹⁶W cm⁻²に達する条件下での電磁パルス(EMP)の特性評価について報告する。EMPの測定は、実験チャンバー内および外部に設置した異なる導電性プローブを用いて実施した。我々は、異なるターゲットおよびプローブ構成に対する結果を示し、これらの過渡電磁界と読み出し装置との間の寄生直接結合の影響を明らかにする。これは、高エネルギー・高強度レーザープラズマ実験において重要である。関連する対策についても説明し、測定帯域幅を犠牲にするものの、信号対雑音比の改善に非常に効果的であることを実証する。これらの対策により、ターゲットホルダーを流れる強力な中和電流に起因するEMP成分と、放出された荷電粒子に伴う航跡場に起因すると考えられるEMP成分の検出が可能となった。これらの実験では、両成分は同程度の大きさであることが判明した。放電電流とそれに伴うEMPの両方を、同一のナノ秒スケール実験において効果的に測定したのは今回が初めてである。検出されたEMPプロファイルと測定された中和電流との比較から、顕著な一致が得られた。また、モデル化した実験チャンバー内の電磁界シミュレーションによる結果も示し、特に実験中にプローブが実際に配置された領域におけるシミュレーション結果と測定信号との比較を行う。導電性プローブは、EMP電磁界の高周波成分の測定には限界があることが明らかになった。ここで示した結果は、慣性閉じ込め核融合施設(NIF、LMJ、PETAL)ならびにレーザープラズマ加速施設(PETAL、ELI、Apollonなど)におけるEMPの特性評価と低減という重要な課題に対して、第一義的な重要性を持つものである。

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