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Deuterium trapping and surface modification of polycrystalline tungsten exposed to a high-flux plasma at high fluences

M. Zibrov, M. Balden, T.W. Morgan, M. Mayer2017年被引用 34Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Deuterium (D) retention and surface modifications of hot-rolled polycrystalline tungsten (W) exposed to a low-energy (~40 eV D−1), high-flux (2–5  ×  1023 D m−2 s−1) D plasma at temperatures of ~380 K and ~1140 K to fluences up to 1.2  ×  1028 D m−2 have been examined by using nuclear reaction analysis, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The samples exposed at ~380 K exhibited various types of surface modifications: dome-shaped blister-like structures, stepped flat-topped protrusions, and various types of nanostructures. It was observed that a large fraction of the surface was covered with blisters and protrusions, but their average size and the number density showed almost no fluence dependence. The D depth distributions and total D inventories also barely changed with increasing fluence at ~380 K. A substantial amount of D was retained in the subsurface region, and thickness correlated with the depth where the cavities of blisters and protrusions were located. It is therefore suggested that defects appearing during creation of blisters and protrusions govern the D trapping in the investigated fluence range. In addition, a large number of small cracks was observed on the exposed surfaces, which can serve as fast D release channels towards the surface, resulting in a reduction of the effective D influx into the W bulk. On the samples exposed at ~1140 K no blisters and protrusions were found. However, wave-like and faceted terrace-like structures were formed instead. The concentrations of trapped D were very low (<10−5 at. fr.) after the exposure at ~1140 K.

日本語訳

重水素(D)保持および、低温(約40 eV D⁻¹)、高フラックス(2–5 × 10²⁸ D m⁻² s⁻¹)のDプラズマに約380 Kおよび約1140 Kの温度で、最大1.2 × 10²⁸ D m⁻²のフルエンスまで曝露された熱間圧延多結晶タングステン(W)の表面改質を、核反応分析、熱脱離分光法、および走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて調べた。約380 Kで曝露された試料は、ドーム状のブリスター様構造、階段状の平坦な突起、および種々のナノ構造など、多様な表面改質を示した。表面の大部分がブリスターと突起で覆われていることが観察されたが、その平均サイズと数密度はフルエンスにほとんど依存しなかった。Dの深さ分布と総Dインベントリも、約380 Kではフルエンスの増加に伴ってほとんど変化しなかった。かなりの量のDが表面下領域に保持され、その厚さはブリスターと突起の空洞が位置する深さと相関していた。したがって、ブリスターと突起の形成中に生じる欠陥が、調査したフルエンス範囲におけるD捕捉を支配していることが示唆される。さらに、曝露された表面には多数の小さな亀裂が観察され、これらは表面に向かう高速のD放出経路として機能し、Wバルクへの実効的なD流入の低減をもたらす可能性がある。約1140 Kで曝露された試料では、ブリスターと突起は見られなかった。しかし、その代わりに波状およびファセット状のテラス様構造が形成された。約1140 Kでの曝露後、捕捉されたDの濃度は非常に低かった(<10⁻⁵ at. fr.)。

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