The heat and particle transport in a DIII-D ITER baseline scenario discharge has been investigated using both linear and nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations performed with the CGYRO code [Candy et al J. Comput. Phys. 2016]. These simulations were used to investigate the role that ion-scale (kθρs < 1.0) and electron-scale (kθρs > 1.0) turbulence play in determining heat and particle transport in the core of conditions believed to directly extrapolate to ITER operation. This investigation spans over nearly half of the plasma minor radius, from ρ = 0.45–0.85. To probe the nature of the transport and turbulence in these conditions and to validate the model against experimental fluxes, scans of , , and a/Ln were performed at all radial locations. Long wavelength turbulence is found to be dominated by ITG modes with strong non-adiabatic electron effects and appears unable to reproduce ion and electron heat fluxes and electron particle fluxes simultaneously at most radial positions when single parameter scans are performed. To investigate the potential role of short wavelength turbulence, a series of electron-scale simulations are performed that indicate that experimentally relevant levels of electron heat flux could arise at sub-ion scales. Quantitative comparison of the simulated fluxes obtained from ion and electron-scale simulations with experimental levels along with the sensitivity of simulations results to changes in inputs is presented. Through extensive sensitivity scans and comparison with multiple transport channels, this work demonstrates a clear need for self-consistent modification of multiple inputs and suggests multi-scale interactions play a significant role at many of the radial locations studied. The results of this analysis help shape our understanding of the model fidelity needed to predict turbulence and transport reactor-relevant conditions and have important implications for the prediction of future fusion devices.
Simulation of transport in the FT-2 tokamak up to the electron scale with GENE