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Demonstration of auroral radio emission mechanisms by laboratory experiment

S L McConville, D C Speirs, K Ronald, A D R Phelps, A W Cross, R Bingham, C W Robertson, C G Whyte, W He, K M Gillespie2008年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

Auroral kilometric radiation occurs in regions of depleted plasma density in the polar magnetosphere. These emissions are close to the electron cyclotron frequency and appear to be connected to the formation of high pitch angle electron populations due to the conservation of the magnetic moment. This results in a horseshoe type distribution function being formed in velocity space where electrons are magnetically compressed as they descend towards the Earth's atmosphere. Satellites have observed that radio emissions occur in conjunction with the formation of this distribution and show the radiation to have propagation and polarization characteristics of the extraordinary (X-mode) plasma mode with emission efficiency observed at ∼1–2%. To investigate this phenomenon a laboratory experiment, scaled to microwave frequencies and lab dimensions by increasing the cyclotron frequency, was constructed whereby an electron beam propagated through a region of increasing magnetic field created by five independently variable solenoids. Results are presented for two experimental regimes of resonant coupling, 11.7 and 4.42 GHz, achieved by varying the peak magnetic field. Measurements of the experimental radiation frequency, power and efficiency were undertaken as a function of the magnetic compression. Results showed the radiation to be polarized in the near cut-off transverse electric radiation modes, with efficiency of emission ∼1–2%, peak power outputs of ∼19–30 kW and frequency close to the cyclotron frequency. This represented close correlation between the laboratory radiation efficiency, spectra, polarization and propagation with that of numerical predictions and the magnetospheric observations.

日本語訳

オーロラキロメートル放射は、極域磁気圏のプラズマ密度が低下した領域で発生する。この放射は電子サイクロトロン周波数に近く、磁気モーメントの保存による高ピッチ角電子集団の形成と関連していると考えられる。その結果、地球大気に向かって降下する際に電子が磁気的に圧縮されることで、速度空間において馬蹄形の分布関数が形成される。衛星観測により、この放射は当該分布の形成に伴って発生し、異常モード(Xモード)の伝播特性と偏波特性を示し、その放射効率は約1〜2%であることが確認されている。この現象を調査するため、サイクロトロン周波数を増大させることによりマイクロ波周波数と実験室スケールに相似則を適用した実験が構築された。この実験では、5つの独立して制御可能なソレノイドによって生成された増大する磁場領域を電子ビームが伝播する。共鳴結合の2つの実験条件、すなわち11.4GHzと4.42GHzについて、ピーク磁場を変化させることにより結果が提示されている。放射周波数、出力、効率の測定は、磁気圧縮の関数として実施された。結果は、放射がカットオフ近傍の横電波(TE)モードに偏波しており、放射効率は約1〜2%、ピーク出力は約19〜30kW、周波数はサイクロトロン周波数に近いことを示した。これは、実験室における放射効率、スペクトル、偏波、伝播特性が、数値予測および磁気圏観測と良好な一致を示すことを意味する。

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