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Retention and release of hydrogen isotopes in tungsten plasma-facing components: the role of grain boundaries and the native oxide layer from a joint experiment-simulation integrated approach

E.A. Hodille, F. Ghiorghiu, Y. Addab, A. Založnik, M. Minissale, Z. Piazza, C. Martin, T. Angot, L. Gallais, M.-F. Barthe2017年被引用 37Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Fusion fuel retention (trapping) and release (desorption) from plasma-facing components are critical issues for ITER and for any future industrial demonstration reactors such as DEMO. Therefore, understanding the fundamental mechanisms behind the retention of hydrogen isotopes in first wall and divertor materials is necessary. We developed an approach that couples dedicated experimental studies with modelling at all relevant scales, from microscopic elementary steps to macroscopic observables, in order to build a reliable and predictive fusion reactor wall model. This integrated approach is applied to the ITER divertor material (tungsten), and advances in the development of the wall model are presented. An experimental dataset, including focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, isothermal desorption, temperature programmed desorption, nuclear reaction analysis and Auger electron spectroscopy, is exploited to initialize a macroscopic rate equation wall model. This model includes all elementary steps of modelled experiments: implantation of fusion fuel, fuel diffusion in the bulk or towards the surface, fuel trapping on defects and release of trapped fuel during a thermal excursion of materials. We were able to show that a single-trap-type single-detrapping-energy model is not able to reproduce an extended parameter space study of a polycrystalline sample exhibiting a single desorption peak. It is therefore justified to use density functional theory to guide the initialization of a more complex model. This new model still contains a single type of trap, but includes the density functional theory findings that the detrapping energy varies as a function of the number of hydrogen isotopes bound to the trap. A better agreement of the model with experimental results is obtained when grain boundary defects are included, as is consistent with the polycrystalline nature of the studied sample. Refinement of this grain boundary model is discussed as well as the inclusion in the model of a thin defective oxide layer following the experimental observation of the presence of an oxygen layer on the surface even after annealing to 1300 K.

日本語訳

核融合燃料の保持(捕捉)および放出(脱離)は、ITERやDEMOのような将来の実証用核融合炉にとって極めて重要な課題である。したがって、第一壁およびダイバータ材料における水素同位体の保持の背後にある基本的メカニズムを理解することが必要である。我々は、微視的な素過程から巨視的な観測量に至るまで、関連するすべてのスケールでの実験的研究とモデリングを組み合わせたアプローチを開発し、信頼性が高く予測可能な核融合炉壁モデルを構築した。この統合的アプローチをITERダイバータ材料(タングステン)に適用し、壁モデルの進展について報告する。集束イオンビーム走査電子顕微鏡、等温脱離、昇温脱離、核反応分析、オージェ電子分光法を含む実験データセットを用いて、巨視的な速度方程式壁モデルの初期化を行った。このモデルには、照射注入、バルク内または表面への拡散、欠陥への捕捉、および材料の昇温中の捕捉水素の放出という、実験で観測されるすべての素過程が含まれる。多結晶試料の広範なパラメータ空間を対象とした研究により、単一の捕捉タイプと単一の脱離エネルギーを持つモデルでは実験結果を再現できないことが示された。そこで、密度汎関数理論を用いて、より複雑なモデルの初期化を導いた。この新しいモデルは依然として単一の捕捉タイプを仮定するが、密度汎関数理論の知見に基づき、脱離エネルギーが捕捉サイトに結合した水素同位体の数に依存して変化することを組み込んだ。さらに、多結晶試料の特性を反映して粒界欠陥をモデルに含めることで、実験結果との一致が改善された。この粒界モデルの改良に加え、1300 Kまでの加熱後も表面に酸素層が存在するという実験的観察に基づき、薄い欠陥性酸化物層をモデルに組み込むことも検討した。

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iter中精度(概要文一致)

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TungstenPlasma-facing componentHydrogen isotopes
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