This paper presents global gyrokinetic simulations on the transport time scale of an ASDEX Upgrade H-mode discharge showing a pronounced peaking of the on-axis ion temperature profiles. Leveraging the newly developed GENE-Tango tool, which combines the global gyrokinetic code GENE with the transport solver Tango, we investigate the impact of energetic particles and electromagnetic effects on the improved plasma performance observed in the experimental discharge. Our results reveal that a striking agreement between the GENE-Tango simulations and the experimental measurements can be achieved only when energetic particles and electromagnetic effects are simultaneously retained in the modeling. In contrast, when these are neglected we observed a significant underestimation of the on-axis ion temperature, aligning with profiles computed using TGLF-ASTRA. The peaking in the ion temperature profile observed in the simulations can be attributed to the effective suppression of turbulence by high-frequency electromagnetic modes, likely Kinetic Ballooning Modes/Alfvén eigenmodes. These modes play a critical role in enhancing zonal flow activity and shearing rate levels which thus lead to a localized increase in the temperature gradient. However, it is crucial to maintain these modes at a state of marginal stability or weak instability to prevent energetic particle turbulence destabilization. Otherwise, the result would be a flattening of all the thermal profiles. Interestingly, we found that global GENE-Tango simulations are required to model correctly the linear dynamics of these high-frequency modes. Additionally, global simulations demonstrate greater tolerance than flux-tube simulations for marginal instability of these high frequency modes while maintaining power balance agreement.
This paper investigates the impact of energetic particles and electromagnetic effects on the improved plasma performance observed in an ASDEX Upgrade H-mode discharge. The study combines global gyrokinetic simulations using the GENE-Tango tool and experimental measurements, revealing that accounting for these factors is crucial to accurately model the ion temperature profile peaking.