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Kinetic simulations of the Chodura and Debye sheaths for magnetic fields with grazing incidence

David Coulette, Giovanni Manfredi2016年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

When an unmagnetized plasma comes in contact with a material surface, the difference in mobility between the electrons and the ions creates a non-neutral layer known as the Debye sheath (DS). However, in magnetic fusion devices, the open magnetic field lines intersect the structural elements of the device with near grazing incidence angles. The magnetic field tends to align the particle flow along its own field lines, thus counteracting the mechanism that leads to the formation of the DS. Recent work using a fluid model (Stangeby 2012 Nucl. Fusion52 083012) showed that the DS disappears when the incidence angle is smaller than a critical value (around for ITER-like parameters). Here, we study this transition by means of numerical simulations of a kinetic model both in the collisionless and weakly collisional regimes. We show that the main features observed in the fluid model are preserved: for grazing incidence, the space charge density near the wall is reduced or suppressed, the ion flow velocity is subsonic, and the electric field and plasma density profiles are spread out over several ion Larmor radii instead of a few Debye lengths as in the unmagnetized case. As there is no singularity at the DS entrance in the kinetic model, this phenomenon depends smoothly on the magnetic field incidence angle and no particular critical angle arises. The simulation results and the predictions of the fluid model are in good agreement, although some discrepancies subsist, mainly due to the assumptions of isothermal closure and diagonality of the pressure tensor in the fluid model.

日本語訳

非磁化プラズマが材料表面と接触するとき、電子とイオンの移動度の差により、デバイシース(DS)として知られる非中性層が形成される。しかしながら、磁場核融合装置においては、開放磁力線は装置の構造要素とほぼ掠射角で交差する。磁場は粒子の流れを自身の磁力線に沿って整列させる傾向があり、それによってDSの形成をもたらす機構に対抗する。流体モデルを用いた最近の研究(Stangeby 2012 Nucl. Fusion52 083012)では、入射角が臨界値(ITER類似パラメータにおいて約 程度)より小さくなるとDSが消失することが示された。ここでは、無衝突および弱衝突領域の両方における運動論モデルの数値シミュレーションにより、この遷移を研究する。掠射入射においては、壁近傍の空間電荷密度が減少または抑制され、イオン流速は亜音速となり、電場およびプラズマ密度分布は、非磁化の場合の数デバイ長ではなく、数イオンラーモア半径にわたって広がるという、流体モデルで観測された主な特徴が維持されることを示す。運動論モデルにはDS入口における特異性が存在しないため、この現象は磁場入射角に滑らかに依存し、特定の臨界角は生じない。シミュレーション結果と流体モデルの予測は良好な一致を示すが、主に流体モデルにおける等温閉鎖と圧力テンソルの対角性の仮定に起因するいくつかの不一致が残る。

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