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Experiments during AC current transition in ISTTOK and the hypothesis of ballistic runaway electrons

A Malaquias, M Hole, R B Henriques, I S Nedzelskiy, V V Plyusnin2022年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

The operation of the Instituto Superior Técnico Tokamak (ISTTOK) in the alternating current (AC) regime is characterized by the presence of a residual plasma density during the current transition, i.e. when the plasma current crosses the zero value. Contrary to what has been reported in other AC experiments, the pressure-like profiles obtained by the heavy ion beam diagnostic (the product of plasma density with a known function of plasma temperature) do not show evidence of the co-existence of two anti-parallel currents. This is also confirmed by the fact that in these experiments the plasma current and the Vloop both cross the zero value at the same instant. The Murakami–Hugill plots reveal that during the transition the plasma current decays faster than the Hugill limit and that the subsequent ramp-up phase is sustained by runaway electron (RE) currents. It is hypothesized that during plasma current decay a population of REs can enter the following semi-cycle of the discharge. A trajectory simulation model including the forces at play shows that the retardation effect of the friction and molecular forces can cause the dampening of REs (within 20 μs) with energy below 1 keV inside the chamber (without external vertical correction magnetic fields), thus ionizing the background gas. Faster REs (above 1 keV) can also contribute to the ionization of the background gas (e.g. within 50 μs for 3 keV energy electrons) but require a vertical magnetic field to balance the gradB and curvature drifts. This could explain why tuning the vertical field and dosing the background pressure to obtain successful AC discharges is usually challenging.

日本語訳

ISTOKトカマクの交流(AC)運転は、電流遷移中、すなわちプラズマ電流がゼロ値を横切る際に残留プラズマ密度が存在することを特徴とする。他のAC実験で報告されているものとは対照的に、重イオンビーム診断によって得られた圧力様プロファイル(プラズマ密度と既知のプラズマ温度関数の積)は、2つの反平行電流の共存を示す証拠を示さない。このことは、これらの実験においてプラズマ電流とVloopの両方が同時刻にゼロ値を横切るという事実によっても裏付けられている。Murakami–Hugillプロットは、遷移中にプラズマ電流がHugill限界よりも速く減衰し、その後の立ち上がり相が逃走電子(RE)電流によって維持されることを明らかにしている。プラズマ電流減衰中にREの集団が次の半サイクルへ進入し得ると仮定されている。力を考慮した軌道シミュレーションモデルは、摩擦力和と分子力の遅延効果が、外部垂直補正磁場がない場合、チャンバー内でエネルギーが1 keV未満のREを20 μs以内に減衰させ得ることを示している。より高速なRE(1 keV以上)も背景ガスの電離に寄与し得る(例えば、3 keVの電子では50 μs以内)が、gradBドリフトと曲率ドリフトを釣り合わせるために垂直磁場を必要とする。このことは、成功するAC放電を得るための垂直磁場の調整と背景ガス圧力の設定が通常困難である理由を説明し得る。

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