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Formation and termination of runaway beams in ITER disruptions

J.R. Martín-Solís, A. Loarte, M. Lehnen2017年被引用 88Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

A self-consistent analysis of the relevant physics regarding the formation and termination of runaway beams during mitigated disruptions by Ar and Ne injection is presented for selected ITER scenarios with the aim of improving our understanding of the physics underlying the runaway heat loads onto the plasma facing components (PFCs) and identifying open issues for developing and accessing disruption mitigation schemes for ITER. This is carried out by means of simplified models, but still retaining sufficient details of the key physical processes, including: (a) the expected dominant runaway generation mechanisms (avalanche and primary runaway seeds: Dreicer and hot tail runaway generation, tritium decay and Compton scattering of γ rays emitted by the activated wall), (b) effects associated with the plasma and runaway current density profile shape, and (c) corrections to the runaway dynamics to account for the collisions of the runaways with the partially stripped impurity ions, which are found to have strong effects leading to low runaway current generation and low energy conversion during current termination for mitigated disruptions by noble gas injection (particularly for Ne injection) for the shortest current quench times compatible with acceptable forces on the ITER vessel and in-vessel components (). For the case of long current quench times (), runaway beams up to  ∼10 MA can be generated during the disruption current quench and, if the termination of the runaway current is slow enough, the generation of runaways by the avalanche mechanism can play an important role, increasing substantially the energy deposited by the runaways onto the PFCs up to a few hundreds of MJs. Mixed impurity (Ar or Ne) plus deuterium injection proves to be effective in controlling the formation of the runaway current during the current quench, even for the longest current quench times, as well as in decreasing the energy deposited on the runaway electrons during current termination.

日本語訳

自己無矛盾な解析により、ArおよびNe注入によるディスラプション中の逃走電子ビームの形成と終息に関する関連物理を、ITERのいくつかのシナリオについて考察する。その目的は、プラズマ対向機器(PFC)への逃走電子熱負荷の背後にある物理の理解を深め、ITERのディスラプション緩和方式の開発と評価における未解決課題を特定することである。本解析は簡略化されたモデルに基づくが、主要な物理過程の詳細は十分に保持されている。具体的には、(a)想定される主要な逃走電子生成機構(アバランシェ生成および一次種子:ドライター尾部生成、熱尾部生成、トリチウム崩壊、活性化壁からのコンプトン散乱γ線)、(b)プラズマおよび電流密度分布形状の影響、ならびに(c)部分的に電離した不純物イオンとの衝突を考慮した逃走電子ダイナミクスの補正、を扱う。これらの補正は強い影響を及ぼし、ITER容器および容器内機器に許容可能な力を生じる最短の電流クエンチ時間において、不活性ガス(特にNe)注入によるディスラプション緩和では、電流終息時の逃走電子電流の生成が低く抑えられ、エネルギー変換も小さいことが示される。一方、電流クエンチ時間が長い場合には、ディスラプション中の電流クエンチ期間に最大約10 MAの逃走電子ビームが生成され得る。さらに、電流終息が十分に遅い場合、アバランシェ機構による逃走電子の生成が重要な役割を果たし、PFCへの逃走電子によるエネルギー堆積が数100 MJ程度まで大幅に増大し得る。混合不純物(ArまたはNe)と重水素の同時注入は、最も長い電流クエンチ時間においても電流クエンチ中の逃走電子電流の形成を抑制し、さらに電流終息時に逃走電子へ堆積するエネルギーを低減する上で有効であることが示される。

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