Nearly all heat-pulse tests of plasma-facing materials (PFMs) have been completed in vacuum environments without the presence of a background plasma. Thus, combined effects of thermal transients on materials undergoing plasma exposure need to be explored. Heat-pulse experiments have been conducted in the PISCES-A device using a pulsed laser in a divertor-like plasma background. The results indicate that the erosion of PFMs is enhanced as compared with transient-only or plasma-only experiments, and the threshold energy for material removal by a transient heat pulse in a steady-state plasma background is reduced. There appears to be a minimum ion fluence to the surface needed to cause these effects. Initial experiments with pre-loaded material samples exposed to plasmas and heat pulsed in the lower divertor of the DIII-D tokamak using the Divertor Material Evaluation System indicate that similar effects occur in confinement devices.