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Effect of two-stage shattered pellet injection on tokamak disruptions

O. Vallhagen, I. Pusztai, M. Hoppe, S.L. Newton, T. Fülöp2022年被引用 14Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

An effective disruption mitigation system in a tokamak reactor should limit the exposure of the wall to localized heat losses and to the impact of high current runaway electron beams, and avoid excessive forces on the structure. We evaluate with respect to these aspects a two-stage deuterium–neon shattered pellet injection in an ITER-like plasma, using simulations with the DREAM framework (Hoppe et al 2021 Comput. Phys. Commun.268 108098). To minimize the obtained runaway currents an optimal range of injected deuterium quantities is found. This range is sensitive to the opacity of the plasma to Lyman radiation, which affects the ionization degree of deuterium, and thus avalanche runaway generation. The two-stage injection scheme, where dilution cooling is produced by deuterium before a radiative thermal quench caused by neon, reduces both the hot-tail seed and the localized transported heat load on the wall. However, during nuclear operation, additional runaway seed sources from the activated wall and tritium make it difficult to reach tolerably low runaway currents.

日本語訳

トカマク炉における効果的なディスラプション緩和システムは、局所的な熱損失および高電流の逃走電子ビームの影響への壁の曝露を制限し、構造物への過大な力を回避すべきである。我々は、これらの観点に関して、ITER類似プラズマにおける二段階重水素–ネオン破砕ペレット入射を、DREAMフレームワーク(Hoppe et al 2021 Comput. Phys. Commun.268 108098)を用いたシミュレーションによって評価する。得られる逃走電流を最小化するために、入射重水素量の最適範囲が見出される。この範囲は、重水素の電離度、ひいてはなだれ逃走電子生成に影響を与える、ライマン放射に対するプラズマの不透明度に敏感である。ネオンによる放射熱クエンチの前に重水素によって希釈冷却が生じる二段階入射方式は、ホットテール種と壁への局所的な輸送熱負荷の両方を低減する。しかしながら、核融合運転中は、活性化した壁およびトリチウムからの追加の逃走電子種源により、許容可能なほど低い逃走電流に到達することが困難になる。

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Plasma disruptionPellet injectionShattered pellet injectionTokamak disruption
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