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Formation and termination of runaway beams during vertical displacement events in tokamak disruptions

J.R. Martín-Solís, J.A. Mier, M. Lehnen, A. Loarte2022年Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

A simple 0D model which mimics the plasma surrounded by the conducting structures (Kiramov and Breizman 2017 Phys. Plasmas24 100702) and including self-consistently the vertical plasma motion and the generation of runaway electrons during the disruption is used for an assessment of the effect of vertical displacement events on the runaway current formation and termination. The total plasma current and runaway current at the time the plasma hits the wall is estimated and the effect of injecting impurities into the plasma is evaluated. In the case of ITER, with a highly conducting wall, although the total plasma current when the plasma touches the wall is the same for any number of injected impurities, however the fraction of the plasma current carried by runaway electrons can significantly decrease for large enough amounts of impurities. The plasma velocity is larger and the time when the plasma hits the wall shorter for lower runaway currents, which are obtained when larger amounts of impurities are injected. When the plasma reaches the wall, the scraping-off of the runaway beam occurs and the current is terminated. During this phase, the plasma vertical displacement velocity and electric field can substantially increase leading to the deposition of a noticeable amount of energy on the runaway electrons (∼hundreds of MJ). It is found that an early second impurity injection reduces somewhat the amount of energy deposited by the runaways. Also larger temperatures of the companion plasma during the scraping-off might be efficient in reducing the power fluxes due to the runaways onto the PFCs. The plasma reaches the qa = 2 limit before the runaway electron current is terminated and by that time the amount of energy deposited on the runaway electrons can be substantially lower than that expected until the beam is fully terminated. Negligible additional conversion of magnetic into runaway kinetic energy is predicted during the runaway deconfinement following the large magnetic fluctuations after qa = 2 is crossed for characteristic deconfinement times lower than 0.1 ms which is a characteristic timescale for ideal MHD instabilities to develop.

日本語訳

導電性構造物に囲まれたプラズマを模擬する単純な0Dモデル(Kiramov and Breizman 2017 Phys. Plasmas24 100702)を用いて、垂直変位事象が runaway 電子電流の形成と終端に及ぼす影響を評価した。このモデルには、プラズマの垂直運動と disruption 中の runaway 電子の生成が自己無撞着に含まれている。プラズマが壁に到達した時点での全プラズマ電流と runaway 電子電流を推定し、プラズマへの不純物入射の効果を評価した。高導電性壁を有するITERの場合、プラズマが壁に接触した時点での全プラズマ電流は入射する不純物量によらず同程度であるが、runaway 電子が担う電流の割合は、十分に多量の不純物を入射することで大幅に低減できる。runaway 電子電流が小さい場合、プラズマの速度は大きく、壁への到達時間は短くなるが、これはより多量の不純物を入射することで実現される。プラズマが壁に到達すると、runaway 電子ビームのスクレイプオフが生じ、電流は終端する。この過程において、プラズマの垂直変位速度と電場は大幅に増大し、runaway 電子へのエネルギー堆積(約数百MJ)が生じる可能性がある。 disruption の早期に2回目の不純物入射を行うことで、runaway 電子へのエネルギー堆積をある程度低減できることが見出された。また、スクレイプオフ中の companion プラズマの温度が高い場合、PFCへの runaway 電子による熱流束を効率的に低減できる可能性がある。プラズマが qa = 2 の限界に達する前に runaway 電子電流が終端する場合、その時点での runaway 電子へのエネルギー堆積は、ビームが完全に終端するまでに予想される値よりも大幅に低くなり得る。qa = 2 を超えた後の runaway 電子の非閉じ込め過程では、大きな磁場変動に伴う磁気エネルギーから runaway 電子への追加的なエネルギー変換は、閉じ込め時間が0.1ms未満の場合、無視できる程度である。この0.1msという時間スケールは、理想MHD不安定性が成長するための特性時間である。

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Plasma disruptionVertical displacementTokamak disruption
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