The main objective of this paper is investigation of methods for reduction of divertor heat loads in order to increase the lifetime of divertor tiles in future fusion reactors. Special emphasis is given to studies of reduction of transient heat loads due to edge localized modes (ELMs). Two methods are compared: argon seeded type-I ELMy H-modes and nitrogen seeded type-III ELMy H-modes. In both scenarios, the impurity seeding leads to a reduction in the pedestal energy and hence a reduction in the energy released by the ELM. This consequentially reduces the power load to the divertor targets. At high radiative power fractions in type-III ELMy H-modes, part of that released ELM energy (small ELMs, below 20 kJ) is dissipated by radiation in the scrape off layer (SOL). Modelling of the ELM mitigation supports the experimental findings. This ELM mitigation by radiative dissipation is not effective for larger ELMs. In between ELMs, the plasma is detached and radiates strongly from the X-point region. During an ELM, the nitrogen in the X-point and divertor region becomes ionized into more weakly radiating higher charge states and the plasma re-attaches for large ELMs. At JET, argon radiates predominantly in the main plasma and not so much in the cold divertor region. Hence, the effect of radiative dissipation of ELM heat fluxes by argon is very low due to the limited argon density in the divertor region. Nevertheless, both scenarios might be compatible with an integrated ITER scenario, with respect to acceptable divertor lifetime and acceptable confinement.
Integrated simulations of H-mode operation in ITER including core fuelling, divertor detachment and ELM control