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Prediction of material erosion and lifetime during major plasma instabilities in tokamak devices

Ahmed Hassanein2002年Fusion Engineering and DesignIF 1.7出版社

AbstractSurface and structural damage to plasma-facing components due to the frequent loss of plasma confinement remains a serious problem for the tokamak reactor concept. The deposited plasma energy during major disruptions, edge-localized modes (ELMs), and vertical displacement events (VDEs) causes significant surface erosion, possible structural failure, and frequent plasma contamination. Surface damage consists of vaporization, spallation, and liquid splatter of metallic materials. Structural damage includes large temperature increases and high thermal stresses in structural materials and at the interfaces between surface coatings and structural members. To evaluate the lifetimes of plasma-facing materials and nearby components and to predict the various forms of damage that they experience, comprehensive models (contained in the heights computer simulation package) are developed, integrated self-consistently, and enhanced. Splashing mechanisms such as bubble boiling and various liquid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities and brittle destruction mechanisms of nonmelting materials can be serious erosion mechanisms and are being studied in detail. The ejected macroscopic particles (MPs) will interact with incoming plasma particles and with the vapor cloud above the surface. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of MPs in the vapor cloud and their influence on total erosion rate is important. Results of self-consistent MHD calculations are presented in which the dynamics of both the vapor cloud and MP interaction are coupled with incoming plasma ions and electrons from the scrape-off layer during a disruption. The design requirements and implications of plasma facing and nearby components are discussed, along with recommendations to mitigate and reduce the effects of plasma instabilities on reactor components.

日本語訳

トカマク炉概念にとって、プラズマ閉じ込めの頻繁な喪失によるプラズマ対向材料の表面損傷と構造損傷は、依然として深刻な問題である。大規模ディスラプション、周辺局在モード(ELM)、および垂直変位事象(VDE)の際に堆積するプラズマエネルギーは、重大な表面侵食、可能性のある構造破壊、および頻繁なプラズマ汚染を引き起こす。表面損傷は、金属材料の蒸発、スパッタリング、および液体飛沫から構成される。構造損傷には、構造材料ならびに表面コーティングと構造部材との界面における大きな温度上昇と高い熱応力が含まれる。プラズマ対向材料および近傍コンポーネントの寿命を評価し、それらが受ける様々な形態の損傷を予測するために、包括的モデル(HEIGHTS計算機シミュレーションパッケージに含まれる)が開発され、自己無撞着に統合され、拡張されている。バブル沸騰や様々な液体磁気流体力学(MHD)不安定性などのスパッタリング機構、および非溶融材料の脆性破壊機構は、深刻な侵食機構となり得るため、詳細に研究されている。放出された巨視的粒子(MP)は、入射プラズマ粒子および表面上方の蒸気雲と相互作用する。したがって、蒸気雲中のMPの動的挙動と、それらが総侵食率に及ぼす影響は重要である。ディスラプション中のスクレイプオフ層からの入射プラズマイオンおよび電子と、蒸気雲およびMP相互作用の両方の動力学を結合した自己無撞着MHD計算の結果が提示される。プラズマ対向コンポーネントおよび近傍コンポーネントの設計要件について議論し、プラズマ不安定性が炉コンポーネントに及ぼす影響を軽減・低減するための推奨事項を示す。

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