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Experimental, numerical and analytical evaluation of -thrust for fast-liquid-metal-flow divertor systems of nuclear fusion devices

F. Saenz, A.E. Fisher, J. Al-Salami, B. Wynne, Z. Sun, T. Tanaka, T. Kunugi, J. Yagi, K. Kusumi, Y. Wu2023年Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

Divertor systems of fusion devices are exposed to intense heat loads from plasmas, which degrade solid plasma-facing components. Fast liquid metal (LM) flow divertors may be more advantageous for this purpose but have risk of piling due to intense magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag. However, severe deceleration of the flow could be countered with the injection of currents that are transverse to external magnetic fields, allowing to thrust the flow with (Lorentz) forces. Given that the injection of currents as an approach to propel LM-divertor flows has remained experimentally understudied, this article focuses on the evaluation of -thrust and finding its drawbacks. -thrust was experimentally tested with free-surface-LM flows, a vertical magnetic field and an externally applied current. Experiments were reviewed with a theoretical model, showing agreement in the trends of theory and experiments. Full 3D-MHD-free-surface-flow simulations were also performed with FreeMHD and confirmed the sensitivity to unstable flow behavior in LM systems when applying external currents. Furthermore, excessive power requirements are expected for the implementation of -thrust at the reactor scale, making these systems inefficient for commercial devices. This paper evidences that the simple operation of a LM-flow divertor with -thrust, without any of the instabilities caused from reactor plasmas or parasitic currents, already presents intrinsic challenges.

日本語訳

核融合装置のダイバータシステムは、プラズマからの高熱負荷にさらされ、固体のプラズマ対向部品を劣化させる。高速液体金属(LM)流ダイバータはこの目的にはより有利かもしれないが、強い電磁流体(MHD)抗力によるパイルアップのリスクがある。しかし、流れの深刻な減速は、外部磁場と交差する電流の注入によって対抗でき、J×B(ローレンツ)力で流れを推進できる。LMダイバータ流の推進アプローチとしての電流注入は実験的に未だ十分研究されていないため、本論文はJ×Bスラストの評価とその欠点の特定に焦点を当てる。J×Bスラストは、自由表面LM流、鉛直磁場、および外部印加電流を用いて実験的に試験された。実験は理論モデルと照合され、理論と実験の傾向の一致が示された。また、FreeMHDを用いた完全3D-MHD自由表面流シミュレーションも実施され、外部電流印加時のLMシステムにおける不安定な流動挙動への感応性が確認された。さらに、炉スケールでのJ×Bスラストの実装には過大な電力要件が予想され、これらのシステムは商業装置には非効率的である。本論文は、炉プラズマや寄生電流に起因する不安定性が一切ないJ×BスラストによるLM流ダイバータの単純な運転でさえ、すでに本質的課題を呈すことを実証している。

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