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Magnetohydrodynamics in free surface liquid metal flow relevant to plasma-facing components

Z. Sun, J. Al Salami, A. Khodak, F. Saenz, B. Wynne, R. Maingi, K. Hanada, C.H. Hu, E. Kolemen2023年被引用 2Nuclear FusionIF 3出版社

While flowing Liquid Metal (LM) Plasma-Facing Components (PFCs) represent a potentially transformative technology to enable long-pulse operation with high-power exhaust for fusion reactors, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag in the conducting LM will reduce the flow speed. Experiments have been completed in the linear open-channel LMX-U device [Hvasta et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 01602] for validation of MHD drag calculations with either insulating or conducting walls, with codes similar to those used to design flowing LM PFCs for a Fusion Nuclear Science Facility [Kessel et al 2019 Fusion Sci. Technol. 75 886]. We observe that the average channel flow speed decreased with the use of conducting walls and the strength of the applied transverse magnetic field. The MHD drag from the retarding Lorentz force resulted in an increase of the LM depth in the channel that 'piled up' near the inlet, but not the outlet. As reproduced by OpenFOAM and ANSYS CFX calculations, the magnitude and characteristics of the pileup in the flow direction increased with the applied traverse magnetic field by up to 120%, as compared to the case without an applied magnetic field, corresponding to an average velocity reduction of ∼45%. Particle tracking measurements confirmed a predicted shear in the flow speed, with the surface velocity increasing by 300%, despite the 45% drop in the average bulk speed. The MHD effect makes the bulk flow laminarized but keeps surface waves aligned along the magnetic field lines due to the anisotropy of MHD drag. The 3D fringe field and high surface velocity generate ripples around the outlet region. It was also confirmed that the MHD drag strongly depends on the conductivity of the channel walls, magnetic field, and volumetric flow rate, in agreement with the simulations and a developed analytical model. These validated models are now available to begin to determine the conditions under which the ideal LM channel design of a constant flow speed and fluid depth could be attained.

日本語訳

液体金属(LM)プラズマ対向機器(PFC)の流動は、核融合炉において高出力排気を伴う長パルス運転を可能にする潜在的に変革的な技術であるが、導電性LM内の電磁流体力学(MHD)抗力は流速を低下させる。絶縁壁または導電壁のいずれかを用いたMHD抗力計算の検証のために、線形開水路LMX-U装置 [Hvasta et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 01602] において実験が完了しており、核融合核科学施設向けの流動LM PFCの設計に使用されるものと類似したコード [Kessel et al 2019 Fusion Sci. Technol. 75 886] を用いている。我々は、導電壁の使用および印加横磁場の強度とともに、チャネル平均流速が低下することを観察した。減速ローレンツ力によるMHD抗力は、チャネル内のLM深さを増加させ、入口近くで「パイルアップ」したが、出口ではそうならなかった。OpenFOAMおよびANSYS CFX計算によって再現されたように、流れ方向のパイルアップの大きさと特性は、印加横磁場とともに、磁場を印加しない場合と比較して最大120%増加し、これは平均流速の約45%の低下に相当した。粒子追跡測定により、予測された流速のせん断が確認され、平均バルク速度が45%低下したにもかかわらず、表面速度は300%増加した。MHD効果はバルク流を層流化させるが、MHD抗力の異方性により表面波を磁力線に沿って整列させたままにする。3次元フリンジ磁場と高い表面速度は、出口領域の周囲にリップルを生成する。MHD抗力がチャネル壁の導電率、磁場、および体積流量に強く依存することも確認され、これはシミュレーションおよび開発された解析モデルと一致した。これらの検証済みモデルは、一定の流速と流体深さという理想的なLMチャネル設計が達成され得る条件の決定を開始するために現在利用可能である。

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MagnetohydrodynamicsPlasma-facing componentLiquid metal
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