Analysis of 'super H-mode' experiments on DIII-D has put forward that high plasma toroidal rotation, not high pedestal, plays the essential role in achieving energy confinement quality H98y2 ≫ 1 (Ding et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion60 034001). Recently, super H-mode experiments with variable input torque have confirmed that high rotation shear discharges have very high levels of H98y2 (>1.5), independent of the pedestal height, and that high pedestal discharges with low rotation shear have levels of H98y2 only slightly above 1 (⩽1.2). Although some increase in stored energy with higher pedestal occurs, the energy confinement quality mainly depends on the toroidal rotation shear, which varies according to different levels of injected neutral beam torque per particle. Quasi-linear gyrofluid modeling achieves a good match of the experiment when including the E × B shear; without including plasma rotation, the modeling predicts a confinement quality consistent with the empirical observation of H98y2 ∼ 1.2 at low rotation. Nonlinear gyrokinetic transport modeling shows that the effect of E × B turbulence stabilization is far larger than other mechanisms, such as the so-called hot-ion stabilization (Ti/Te) effect. Consistent with these experimental and modeling results are previous simulations of the ITER baseline scenario using a super H-mode pedestal solution (Solomon et al 2016 Phys. Plasmas23 056105), which showed the potential to exceed the Q = 10 target if the pedestal density could be increased above the Greenwald limit. A close look at these simulations reveals that the predicted energy confinement quality is below 1 even at the highest pedestal pressure. The improvement in Q at higher pedestal density is due to the improved fusion power generation at the higher core density associated with higher pedestal density, not to an improved energy confinement quality.
Simulations of ITER with combined effects of internal and edge transport barriers