The density profiles of light impurities observed in recent decades in a relatively wide variety of experiments on tokamaks and stellarators are analyzed and modeled based on the concept of self-consistent equilibrium and transport of impurity charge states (Shurygin 2020 Nuclear Fusion60 046001). The emphasis is on the formation of charge-radial equilibrium and its invariant properties affecting transport and density profile. The impurity invariant equilibrium arises due to random compatible charge-radial variations, linking the impurity motion into a general ergodic (Markovian) process governed by a matrix of final probabilities. More than 60 profiles of helium, boron and carbon with central accumulation, flat and hollow were accurately reproduced by invariant dimensionless transport functions. It is shown that the leading processes determining the formation of impurity invariant density profiles in stationary plasma are the processes of ionization-recombination, and not the transport of particles. Successive variations in the hollow density profiles of helium, boron, and carbon observed in experiments can be described as successive invariant profile changes in the recombination rate profiles. The invariant particle diffusive-convective profiles can be calculated directly from the impurity density profiles. A general empirical formula for equilibrium constant of light impurities was proposed.
Formation of impurity transport barrier in LHD plasmas with hollow density profile