In the present paper the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) experimental trend of reaching the radiating X-point with nitrogen seeding is reproduced by SOLPS-ITER code modeling. In these experiments the whole divertor region below the X-point is cooled down by the impurity radiation if the seeding rate is large enough, and the maximal radiation is registered from the X-point region, or even from the confinement zone above the X-point. It is demonstrated that for constant seeding rate SOLPS-ITER simulations of the intensively seeded AUG discharges result in that the confined plasma goes into the radiation collapse as a certain threshold in seeding rate is exceeded. This threshold value increases with increasing discharge power. No stable regimes with the electron temperature below 5 eV in the confinement zone even above the X-point are achieved in the modeling if the seeding rate is large enough, in contrast to the experiment. However, such a regime may be achieved if the fueling, seeding and pumping rates are changing in time. Since the SOLPS-ITER code can simulate only steady state, another modeling strategy is chosen. The fueling and seeding rates are artificially reduced by 3 orders of magnitude and the impurity content is set to satisfy the condition that the ratio of electrons contribution originating from fuel atoms to ones coming from impurity atoms is about unity. It is suggested that the radial width of the cooled region in the confinement zone is of the order of the scrape-off layer width λq, since it is driven by the same physics leading the energy flux to go from mostly radial to mostly parallel. Under these conditions, the radiative spot above the X-point behaves as the energy sink similarly to the energy sink near the divertor in the conventional regime. In extreme regimes (with large seeding rate), the width of the cold region inside the separatrix may exceed λq, and up to 90% of discharge power can be radiated from the confined region. An estimate of the poloidal length of the radiative spot is suggested as well. Flow patterns of neutrals, deuterium ions, impurities, electric current and heat flows are analyzed for the regimes with intensive X-point radiation. The formation of an electric potential peak above the X-point is observed in the simulations, and the corresponding E × B drift flux appears to give the largest contribution to the main ion and impurity fluxes. This E × B drift flux together with the large ionization source change the parallel velocity with respect to its neoclassical profile. Consequently, the radial E field deviates from the neoclassical one, which might improve the turbulence suppression.
Bifurcation-like transition of divertor conditions induced by X-point radiation in KSTAR L-mode plasmas